1. EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD, EARTH'S CORE AND CLIMATE CHANGE
2. INCREASED AURORA RESULTING FROM A DIMINISHED EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD
3. EARTHQUAKES AND CRUSTAL SHIFTS
4. ICE AGES
5. EARTH IMPACT ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
6. VOLCANIC ACTIVITY INDUCED BY COMET IMPACTS

• Do not believe in anything simply because you have heard it.
• Do not believe in anything simply because it is spoken and rumoured by many.
• Do not believe in anything simply because it is found written in your religious books.
• Do not believe in anything merely on the authority of your teachers and elders.
• Do not believe in traditions because they have been handed down for many generations.
• But after observation and analysis, when you find that anything agrees with reason and is conducive to the good and benefit of one and all, then accept it and live up to it.

- Gautama Buddha

1. EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD, EARTH'S CORE AND CLIMATE CHANGE
   • IS OUR MAGNETIC FIELD WEAKER THAN WE THOUGHT? - Jun 3, 2021
     Snowiest and coldest May in centuries - but there's nothing see here, just move along - Jun 4, 2021
     
     Following the UK’s coldest April since 1922, Merrie England now records her coldest May in 362 years, since record-keeping began in 1659 amidst the LIA’s 70-year Maunder Minimum (1645 – 1715).
   • WHAT LIES BENEATH OUR FEET? SCIENTISTS CHANGE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF EARTH'S INNER CORE - 05.03.2021
     Using a search algorithm to analyse thousands of models of the Earth’s solid ball and match them with existing data on seismic waves, the team came to conclusion that the inner core could have another hidden layer within it.
     "We found evidence that may indicate a change in the structure of iron, which suggests perhaps two separate cooling events in Earth's history," Stephenson said.
     The geophysicist argues that “the idea of another distinct layer was proposed a couple of decades ago, but the data has been very unclear.”
     The astonishing discovery may explain why a number of experiments have been inconsistent with the existing models of our planet’s structure.
   • * END OF NEANDERTHALS LINKED TO FLIP OF EARTH'S MAGNETIC POLES, STUDY SUGGESTS - 18 Feb 2021
     The Earth's magnetic field acts as a protective shield against damaging cosmic radiation, but when the poles switch, as has occurred many times in the past, the protective shield weakens dramatically and leaves the planet exposed to high energy particles.
     One temporary flip of the poles, known as the Laschamps excursion, happened 42,000 years ago and lasted for about 1,000 years. Previous work found little evidence that the event had a profound impact on the planet, possibly because the focus had not been on the period during which the poles were actually shifting, researchers say.
     Now scientists say the flip, together with a period of low solar activity, could have been behind a vast array of climatic and environmental phenomena with dramatic ramifications. "It probably would have seemed like the end of days," said Prof Chris Turney of the University of New South Wales and co-author of the study.
   • CRISIS ENSUED THE LAST TIME EARTH'S MAGNETIC POLES FLIPPED, RESEARCHERS SAY - Feb 18, 2021
   • EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD FLIPPED 42,000 YEARS AGO, CREATING A CLIMATE 'DISASTER' THAT WIPED OUT THE NEANDERTHALS - AND IT COULD HAPPEN AGAIN, STUDY WARNS - Feb 18, 2021????
   • * POLE SHIFT: ARE WE LIVING IN THE NEXT GREAT EXTINCTION EVENT? EXPERT IN EARTH CATACLYSMS Prof. Peter Ward - Jan 29, 2021
   • THE MYSTERIOUS ANOMALY WEAKENING EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD SEEMS TO BE SPLITTING - 26 MAY 2020
     New satellite data from the European Space Agency (ESA) reveal that the mysterious anomaly weakening Earth's magnetic field continues to evolve, with the most recent observations showing we could soon be dealing with more than one of these strange phenomena.
     The South Atlantic Anomaly is a vast expanse of reduced magnetic intensity in Earth's magnetic field, extending all the way from South America to southwest Africa.
     Since our planet's magnetic field acts as a kind of shield – protecting Earth from solar winds and cosmic radiation, in addition to determining the location of the magnetic poles - any reduction in its strength is an important event we need to monitor closely, as these changes could ultimately have significant implications for our planet.
   • EARTH'S MAGNETIC NORTH POLE IS MOVING FASTER THAN EVER, LEAVING SCIENTISTS BAFFLED - Dec 19, 2019
     But before we begin to panic, we should remember that the Earth's magnetic poles have already flipped up to 100 times in the past 20 million years, the last reversal occurring roughly 773,000 years ago.
     Earlier this year, the rapid movement of the North Pole garnered headlines when scientists revealed that the north was moving so fast that they had to update their model of the planet's magnetic field much earlier than expected.
   • EARTH ENTERS UNKNOWN AS MAGNETIC NORTH POLE CONTINUES PUSH TOWARD RUSSIA, CROSSES GREENWICH MERIDIAN - 13.12.2019
     The BGS and the US National Centers for Environmental Information has released a new update to the World Magnetic Model this week, confirming that the magnetic north pole, whose coordinates are crucial for the navigation systems used by governments, militaries and a slew of civilian applications, is continuing its push toward Siberia.
     "The WMM2020 forecasts that the northern magnetic pole will continue drifting toward Russia, although at a slowly decreasing speed -down to about 40 km per year compared to the average speed of 55 km over the past twenty years," the US agency said in a press statement.
   • GEOMAGNETIC REVERSAL: THE SVENSMARK EFFECT REVEALING THE IMPACT OF COSMIC RAYS ON THE EARTH - Jul 05, 2019
     New evidence suggests that high-energy particles from space known as galactic cosmic rays affect the Earth’s climate by increasing cloud cover, causing an “umbrella effect”.
     When galactic cosmic rays increased during the Earth’s last geomagnetic reversal transition 780,000 years ago, the umbrella effect of low-cloud cover led to high atmospheric pressure in Siberia, causing the East Asian winter monsoon to become stronger. This is evidence that galactic cosmic rays influence changes in the Earth’s climate. The findings were made by a research team led by Professor Masayuki Hyodo (Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University) and published on June 28 in the online edition of Scientific Reports.
   • ANCIENT TREE COULD HOLD KEY TO EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD REVERSAL - 06.07.2019
     The Earth's magnetic field acts as a barrier protecting it from solar wind, with magnetic field reversal weakening that shield and admitting more radiation. Previously, scientists have linked extinction events to magnetic field reversals.
     An ancient tree that offers insight into the reversal of the Earth's magnetic field in its rings has been discovered in New Zealand, stuff.nz reports.
     As excavation work was being conducted for expansion of a geothermal power plant on New Zealand's North Island, workers hit upon the tree, better known by its M?ori name kauri, buried in 26 feet of soil, measuring eight feet in diameter and 65 feet in length. Carbon dating revealed it lived for 1,500 years, between 41,000 and 42,500 years ago.
   • * END TIMES NEAR? CHRISTIAN SCIENTIST MULLS IMPACT OF COMING MAGNETIC POLE FLIP - 26.04.2019
     Fortunately, the astrophysicist noted, "these reversals that we've been hearing about have happened several hundred times in the past half billion years of Earth's history", without a catastrophic impact on life.
     According to Ross, so long as the magnetic reversal takes place over a relatively short period of time – a period of decades or a few hundred years, life on the planet would continue as before.
   • * ALL LIFE ON EARTH AT THREAT OVER WEAKENING MAGNETIC FIELD, THEORIST CLAIMS - 18.04.2019
   • * RED ALERT!! POLE SHIFT IMMINENT THE SAFE ZONES, POLES MAY FLIP AND THINGS COULD GET REALLY BAD - Mar. 3, 2019
   • EXTINCTION EVENT? OUR TWO SHIFTING NORTH POLES) - Feb. 5, 2019
   • * CHECK YOUR COMPASS: THE MAGNETIC NORTH POLE IS ON THE MOVE (UPDATE) - Feb. 4, 2019
   • APOCALYPSE NOW: SCIENTISTS PREDICT THE EARTH IS ABOUT TO SWAP MAGNETIC POLES - 06.02.2017
     Two Geophysicists of the University of Leeds, Professor Jon Mound and Professor Phil Livermore, believe that a geomagnetic reversal will occur within the next two thousand years. The scientists published their findings in The Conversation, an independent media outlet. The consequences are not certain, but they might be lethal for the humanity.
   • PLANET X EXPERT ON NIBIRU AND THE COMING POLE SHIFT - Jul 4, 2016
     When Planet x it comes its gravitational pull tilts the earth a bit resulting in earthquakes, tsunamis and crazy weather conditions. There are some estimates saying 95% of life on the surface of earth is wiped out by Nibiru and make the planet earth a very undesirable place to colonize it might explain why there are so many undergound tunnels that are being found all over the world.
   • CONFIRMED: RAPID GEOMAGNETIC REVERSAL IN PROCESS - Oct 18, 2014
   • EARTH’S MAGNETIC FLIPS MAY HAVE TRIGGERED MASS EXTINCTIONS - June 10, 2014
   • A DELIVERY FROM SPACE THAT MADE A BIG SPLASH - October 10, 2011
     But the ice on Hartley 2 is composed of water that matches the chemistry of the Earth’s oceans.
     Hartley 2 probably came from the Kuiper belt, 1,000 times closer to Earth. This could explain the very different composition of its water ice.
     The Kuiper belt is much larger than the asteroid belt, so the discovery, reported online on Wednesday in Nature, greatly enlarges the possible sources of Earth’s water. W"e have to try to confirm this with other comets to see whether their composition is the same as Hartley 2," said the lead author, Paul Hartogh, a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Germany.
     But, he added, "This finding means that models of the formation of the solar system may have to be revisited."
     Try this one ASTRO- METRICS
   • Duh!
     
     Vulcan Related Meteor Or Comet Swarms.
     There are four or five periodic comet swarms generated by Vulcan, although Kuiper or Scatter disc objects are drawn into the inner solar system all along Vulcan's orbit as Vulcan's presence cancels the angular momentum of these objects. Vulcan ranges from about 130 AU to 448 AU distant. Occasionally, some of these comes impact Earth. These are the comets that have generated Earth's oceans.
   • KUIPER BELT
     The Kuiper belt sometimes called the Edgeworth–Kuiper belt, is a region of the Solar System beyond the planets extending from the orbit of Neptune (at 30AU) to approximately 50 AU from the Sun.[2]It is similar to the asteroid belt, although it is far larger—20 times as wide and 20 to 200 times as massive.
     However, studies since the mid-1990s have shown that the classical belt is dynamically stable, and that comets' true place of origin is the scattered disc, a dynamically active region created by the outward motion of Neptune 4.5 billion years ago; scattered disc objects such as Eris have extremely eccentric orbits that take them as far as 100 AU from the Sun.
   • SCATTERED DISC
     The scattered disc (or scattered disk) is a distant region of the Solar System that is sparsely populated by icy minor planets, a subset of the broader family of trans-Neptunian objects. The scattered-disc objects (SDOs) have orbital eccentricities ranging as high as 0.8, inclinations as high as 40°, and perihelia greater than 30 astronomical units (4.5×109 km; 2.8×109 mi). These extreme orbits are believed to be the result of gravitational "scattering" by the gas giants, and the objects continue to be subject to perturbation by the planet Neptune. While the nearest distance to the Sun approached by scattered objects is about 30–35 AU, their orbits can extend well beyond 100 AU. This makes scattered objects "among the most distant and cold objects in the Solar System". The innermost portion of the scattered disc overlaps with a torus-shaped region of orbiting objects traditionally called the Kuiper belt, but its outer limits reach much farther away from the Sun and farther above and below the ecliptic than the belt proper.
     Because of its unstable nature, astronomers[who?]. now consider the scattered disc to be the place of origin for most periodic comets observed in the Solar System, with the centaurs, a population of icy bodies between Jupiter and Neptune, being the intermediate stage in an object's migration from the disc to the inner Solar System. Eventually, perturbations from the giant planets send such objects towards the Sun, transforming them into periodic comets.
   • NASA'S SPITZER DETECTS COMET STORM IN NEARBY SOLAR SYSTEM - 10.19.11
     The downpour resembles our own solar system several billion years ago during a period known as the "Late Heavy Bombardment," which may have brought water and other life-forming ingredients to Earth.
     During this epoch, comets and other frosty objects that were flung from the outer solar system pummeled the inner planets. The barrage scarred our moon and produced large amounts of dust.
     Now Spitzer has spotted a band of dust around a nearby bright star in the northern sky called Eta Corvi that strongly matches the contents of an obliterated giant comet. This dust is located close enough to Eta Corvi that Earth-like worlds could exist, suggesting a collision took place between a planet and one or more comets.
     A second, more massive ring of colder dust located at the far edge of the Eta Corvi system seems like the proper environment for a reservoir of cometary bodies. This bright ring, discovered in 2005, looms at about 150 times the distance from Eta Corvi as the Earth is from the sun. Our solar system has a similar region, known as the Kuiper Belt, where icy and rocky leftovers from planet formation linger. The new Spitzer data suggest that the Almahata Sitta meteorite may have originated in our own Kuiper Belt.
   • ETA CORVI
     Eta Corvi is an F-type main sequence star, the sixth-brightest star in the constellation of Corvus. Two debris disks have been detected orbiting this star, one warm within a few AU and another out at ~150 AU.
     The IRAS satellite detected an excess of infrared radiation from this star, beyond what would normally be expected for a stellar object of this class.[10] Observations in the submillimetre band confirmed the presence of excess dust in orbit around the star having about 60% of the mass of the Moon and a temperature of 80 K.
     Since the Poynting-Robertson effect would cause the dust in the outer disk to spiral in to the star within 20 million years, much younger than the age of the system, the observed presence of dust in the outer disk means that it must be constantly replenished. It is thought that this happens by the collisions of planetesimals orbiting at a distance of about 150 A.U., which are repeatedly broken down into smaller and smaller pieces, eventually becoming dust.
     In 2010-2011, Dr. Carey Lisse of the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, MD, USA and his group [13] analyzed the Spitzer IRS 5 – 35 um spectrum of the warm, ~360K circumstellar dust and found that it showed clear evidence for warm, water- and carbon-rich dust at ~ 3 AU from the central star, in the system’s Terrestrial Habitability Zone (THZ), uncoupled and in a separate reservoir from the system’s extended sub-mm dust ring at 150 ± 20 AU.
   • HERSCHEL DISCOVERS TIP OF COSMIC ICEBERG AROUND NEARBY YOUNG STAR - Oct 24, 2011
     Located in a thin layer at intermediate depths in the disc, the cold vapour hints at a much larger reservoir of water ice hidden deeper in the disc and amounting to several thousand times the mass of water that makes up our planet's oceans. The discovery sheds new light on the presence and role of water in the early formation stages of a planetary system.
     By using the cold vapour signature to trace the total water content in the disc, this study demonstrates for the first time that a protoplanetary disc can harbour such large amounts of water ice.
     This study focussed on the protoplanetary disc surrounding TW Hydrae, a 10- million year old T Tauri star with a mass of 0.6 times the Sun's mass. Located about 175 light-years away, TW Hydrae's disc is one of the closest to Earth and thus one of the best studied among protoplanetary discs.
   • TINY WORLD 'SNOW WHITE' HAS WATER ICE AND MAYBE ATMOSPHERE - Oct 23, 2011
     A mysterious little world nicknamed "Snow White" is covered in ice and may sport the wispy remnants of an atmosphere, a new study of a dwarf planet that lies outside Neptune has found.
     Even though Snow White — officially known as 2007 OR10, and orbiting the sun as part of the Kuiper belt — is actually red, half of the surface is covered by water ice that probably spewed from ancient cryovolcanoes, researchers said.
     The dwarf planet's reddish hue likely comes from a thin layer of methane, the last gasps of an atmosphere that has been bleeding off into space for eons.
   • OCEAN-LIKE WATER IN THE JUPITER-FAMILY COMET 103P/HARTLEY 2 - 05 October 2011
   • COMETS CREATED EARTH'S OCEANS, STUDY CONCLUDES - October 5, 2011
     The dirty snowballs known as comets might be the sources of Earth's water after all, scientists say.
     Now Earth-like water has been discovered in the small oddball comet Hartley 2, which the Deep Impact/EPOXI spacecraft flew by in November 2010. This comet originated in the disk-shaped Kuiper belt, a region of the solar system beyond the orbit of Neptune, suggesting this is ultimately where much of Earth's water came from.
     "When the Earth formed it was so hot that most volatiles escaped to space, so when the Earth cooled down it was dry," said study lead author Paul Hartogh, a planetary scientist at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany. "Water and other volatiles must have been delivered at a later stage."
     Now researchers find that water seen in Comet Hartley 2 is very close to Earth's, with about 1,610 deuterium atoms per 10 million regular hydrogen atoms.
     "With our finding it may be that more than 10 percent and perhaps all water on Earth possibly stems from comets," Hartogh told Space.com.
     It may be that all bodies in the inner solar system get their water from these comets. Sampling a larger number of comets for their deuterium-hydrogen ratios could shed light on the matter, Hartogh said.
   • MYSTERY DEEPENS OVER ICE AGE RISE IN CO2 - October 5, 2011
   • LITTLE ICE AGE SHRANK EUROPEANS, SPARKED WARS - October 3, 2011
     Study aims to scientifically link climate change to societal upheaval.
     Pockmarked with wars, inflation, famines and shrinking humans, the 1600s in Europe came to be called the General Crisis.
     But whereas historians have blamed those tumultuous decades on growing pains between feudalism and capitalism, a new study points to another culprit: the coldest stretch of the climate change period known as the Little Ice Age.
     Prior to the industrial revolution, all European countries were by and large agrarian, and as study co-author David Zhang pointed out, "In agricultural societies, the economy is controlled by climate," since it dictates growing conditions.
     The authors say some effects, such as food shortages and health problems, showed up almost immediately between 1560 and 1660—the Little Ice Age's harshest period—during which growing seasons shortened and cultivated land shrank.
     Others effects—such as famines, the Thirty Years' War (1618-48), or the 164 Manchu conquest of China—took decades to manifest. "Temperature is not a direct cause of war and social disturbance," Zhang said. "The direct cause of war and social disturbance is the grain price. That is why we say climate change is the ultimate cause."
   • CLIMATE CHANGE 'SHRANK PEOPLE AND ECONOMY' - 4 October 2011
     Zhang says during this time Europe suffered "population collapse" with about 10 million deaths due to epidemics, crop losses and war.
     The researchers say their paper explains why some countries escaped serious human crises during the Little Ice Age.
     Wet tropical countries with high land-carrying capacity, New World countries with vast arable land and sparse populations, and countries with trading economies did not suffer a considerable shrinkage in food supply, they say.
     And the researchers say the findings have some lessons for today.
     Developing countries with high population densities or low land-carrying capacity, in which most of the population still relies on agricultural production, are particularly vulnerable to climate change, says Zhang.
     Even industrialised countries are vulnerable from factors such as climate- induced water shortages and rising food prices, he says.
   • STUDY SHOWS CLIMATE CHANGE COULD OUTPACE EVOLUTION - Jun 16, 2011
     “This is a question a lot of scientists have been talking about,” said study co- author Eric Sanford, an associate professor of evolution and ecology at UC Davis and a researcher at the university’s Bodega Marine Laboratory. “Do organisms have the ability to adapt to climate change on a timescale of decades?”
     “The critical point is that many organisms are already at their environmental limits, and natural selection won’t necessarily rescue them,” Grosberg said.
   • SPECTACULAR NORTHERN LIGHTS DISPLAY LEAVES SKYWATCHERS SPELLBOUND - 25 October 2011
     A dazzling aurora light show amazed skywatchers across North America, from Canada to Arkansas, and other northern regions Monday night (Oct. 24), painting the sky with striking green and even rare red hues.
     The aurora display, also known as the northern lights, was touched off by a wave charged particles unleashed by a massive sun storm on Saturday, which took two days to reach Earth, according to the Space Weather Prediction Center operated by the National Weather Service and NOAA.
     "These were the most vibrant I've ever seen," Canadian skywatcher Colin Chatfield of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan told SPACE.com in an email. "I was also able to see red with the naked eye, which I've never seen before either. Simply put, they were amazing."
   • THE SHIFT IS ABOUT TO HIT THE FAN -
     The magnetic pole is moving at about 40 miles per year toward Russia.
   • MAGNETIC POLAR SHIFTS CAUSING MASSIVE GLOBAL SUPERSTORMS - 07 Feb 2011
     
   • POLE SHIFT? LOOK TO THE SKIES! - 21 Jan 2011
     
   • (7) WHY IS IT GETTING COLDER DURING GLOBAL WARMING? - From James Marusek
     So why is it getting colder during Global Warming? The answer may lie in particle physics.
     Recently several individuals contributed to establishing a natural climate change model. These studies have focused on the Sun's influence on climate change. Pang & Yau (2002) studied solar irradiance and strongly correlated this data with Northern Hemisphere temperatures from the years 1620 to 1980. Willson (2003), using satellite observations of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI), has observed a 0.05 percent increase per decade in the Sun's radiant energy since 1970, which can account for some of the uptick in global temperature rise. These studies provide a foundation for the development of a natural climate change model.
     Another component in the natural climate change model lies in particle physics. In 1894, Charles Wilson began researching water droplets that make up clouds. He developed a device called a cloud chamber, which allowed him to reduce the air pressure of a humid environment. He discovered that charged particles traveling through the chamber left a trail of condensed water droplets. He received a Nobel Prize in 1927 for inventing the bubble chamber.
     The Earth's environment functions like a cloud chamber. But the Earth's magnetic field shields the planet from charged particles, which are deflected towards the Poles, where the cold temperatures produce low humidity levels that inhibit cloud formation. The Earth's magnetic field has been on the decline. Recently, the decline has become very pronounced. Using the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) data set, the magnetic field at the equator in open ocean has declined 1.7 percent in intensity since 1980. (Geomag program, IGRF dataset, latitude 0 degrees, longitude 180 degrees, sea level, years 1980-2005, a decline from 34,824 to 34,246 nanoTesla (nT)). Whereas the entire decline over the period from 1900 to 1980 was 2.8 percent.
     As the Earth's magnetic field weakens, charged particles from outer space and from the Sun will find it easier to break through the magnetic shield that protects Earth. These particles then interact with humid air in tropical, subtropical and mid-latitude environments to produce tiny water droplets that become basic building blocks in forming clouds. Increased cloud formation can result in increased global rainfall and snowfall totals. The clouds also moderate Earth's temperature by reflecting solar radiation.
     There was a 60 degree rotation of the Earth's core c1970.
   • WHY IS IT GETTING COLDER DURING GLOBAL WARMING? - Part I
     An increase in the Sun's radiant energy (possibly starting around 1970 when the Vulcan web site speculates that Vulcan passed aphelion) combined with a weakening of the Earth's magnetic field may account for current unusual weather patterns. The Earth' magnetic field may no longer be as protective as it was from shielding lower latitudes from an increased level of solar radiation particles, and these are interacting with Earth's atmosphere altering weather patterns.
   • WHY IS IT GETTING COLDER DURING GLOBAL WARMING? - Part II
   • Scientists Baffled as Report Proves Global Warming Has Stopped - April 15, 2013
   • WORLD COOLING HAS SET-IN WARNS ASTROPHYICIST - BBC & 'GLOBAL WARMING APOLOGISTS' CHALLENGED TO END 'COVER-UP' - 25 Apr 2009
     "Official data shows the world passed its peak temperatures 10 years ago, but sadly the BBC and 'Global Warming apologists' are now attempting to cover up the facts" said Piers Corbyn, 'climate realist', astrophysicist & long range weather & climate forecaster, 24 April, in response to the BBC's 'Quiet Sun baffling astronomers' report
     "The latest advances in Sun-Earth relations show not only the primacy of magnetic-particle links between the sun and the earth but that these are modulated by lunar effects to give the observed 60 year cycle in both world and USA temperatures. This means that the world will continue general cooling at least to 2030
   • Earth’s poles may flip - Jan 29, 2014
     The magnetic field has weakened by 15 per cent over the last 200 years. And this, scientists claim, could be a sign that the Earth’s magnetic poles are about to flip. “This is serious business,” Richard Holme, professor of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences at Liverpool University told the Daily Mail.
     Researchers predict that in the event of a flip, every year a hundred thousand people would die from the increased levels of space radiation.
   • Forget global warming, worry about the MAGNETOSPHERE: Earth's magnetic field is collapsing and it could affect the climate and wipe out power grids - 27 January 2014
     
     • Earth's magnetic field has weakened by 15 per cent over the last 200 years
     • Could be a sign that the planet's north and south poles are about to flip
     • If this happens, solar winds could punch holes into the Earth's ozone layer
     • This could damage power grids, affect weather and increase cancer rates
     • Evidence of flip happening in the past has been uncovered in pottery
     • As the magnetic shield weakens, the spectacle of an aurora would be visible every night all over the Earth
   • GROWTH OF EARTH'S CORE MAY HINT AT MAGNETIC REVERSAL - 13 July 2012
     Lopsided growth of the Earth's core could explain why its magnetic field reverses direction every few thousand years. If it happened now, we would be exposed to solar winds capable of knocking out global communications and power grids. (Note: The magnetic field of the core seems to undergo a 'jerk' at Vulcan's aphelion and perihelion: 4969/2 = 2484.5 years)
     One side of Earth's solid inner core grows slightly while the other half melts.Peter Olson and Renaud Deguen of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, used numerical modelling to establish that the axis of Earth's magnetic field lies in the growing hemisphere – a finding that suggests shifts in the field are connected to growth of the inner core.
   • MYSTERIOUS EARTH'S CORE PLUME SHIFTING THE MAGNETIC NORTH POLE - Dec 27, 2009
     The north magnetic pole is moving at 37 miles-a-year toward Russia, which means they're stealing it. Or the Earth's core is fluxing. Actually, nobody really knows what's happening. I just hope it's not a prelude to a catastrophic magnetic shift.
     If the first theory finally happens, the whole process will have catastrophic consequences to human civilization and nature. Without a magnetic field, nothing will protect us against space radiation. The weather will go completely gaga, and the Sun will fry all our communications and navigation services, not to talk about all of us. At the same time, countless migrational species will get lost, affecting food chains and causing mayhem through the entire planet.
   • EARTH'S CORE, MAGNETIC FIELD CHANGING FAST, STUDY SAYS
   • EARTH'S CORE, MAGNETIC FIELD CHANGING FAST, STUDY SAYS
     Rapid changes in the churning movement of Earth's liquid outer core are weakening the magnetic field in some regions of the planet's surface, a new study says. "What is so surprising is that rapid, almost sudden, changes take place in the Earth's magnetic field." The findings suggest similarly quick changes are simultaneously occurring in the liquid metal, 1,900 miles (3,000 kilometers) below the surface. The swirling flow of molten iron and nickel around Earth's solid center triggers an electrical current, which generates the planet's magnetic field.
     Fluctuations in the magnetic field have occurred in several far-flung regions of Earth, the researchers found. In 2003 scientists found pronounced changes in the magnetic field in the Australasian region. In 2004, however, the changes were focused on Southern Africa.
   • ALERT! ALERT! WAKE UP!! SCIENTISTS THINK THE MAGNETIC POLES ARE REVERSING!!!
   • A MAGNETIC REVERSAL IN PROGRESS? - ?
     The South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) is known to be growing in extent and spreading westwards from South Africa, as the Earth’s internal magnetic field rapidly weakens in this region. This may be early evidence of a forthcoming reversal in the direction of the Earth’s internal magnetic field. We do not know in detail precisely what occurs during such reversals, including the changes observed in the magnetic field and the time a reversal takes to complete. However these factors are important in knowing where the radiation risk may be increased and how the atmosphere might respond.
   • EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD IS FADING
     Earth's magnetic field is fading. Today it is about 10 percent weaker than it was when German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss started keeping tabs on it in 1845, scientists say.
   • WILL COMPASSES POINT SOUTH? The New York Times - July 13, 2004
     The collapse of the Earth's magnetic field, which both guards the planet and guides many of its creatures, appears to have started in earnest about 150 years ago. The field's strength has waned 10 to 15 percent, and the deterioration has accelerated of late, increasing debate over whether it portends a reversal of the lines of magnetic force that normally envelop the Earth.
     During a reversal, the main field weakens, almost vanishes, then reappears with opposite polarity. Afterward, compass needles that normally point north would point south, and during the thousands of years of transition, much in the heavens and Earth would go askew.
     A reversal could knock out power grids, hurt astronauts and satellites, widen atmospheric ozone holes, send polar auroras flashing to the equator and confuse birds, fish and migratory animals that rely on the steadiness of the magnetic field as a navigation aid. But experts said the repercussions would fall short of catastrophic, despite a few proclamations of doom and sketchy evidence of past links between field reversals and species extinctions.
     Although a total flip may be hundreds or thousands of years away, the rapid decline in magnetic strength is already damaging satellites.
   • ASTEROID STRIKE COULD FORCE HUMANS INTO TWILIGHT EXISTENCE - 26 October 2010
     An asteroid splashdown in one of Earth's oceans could trigger a destructive chemical cycle that would wipe out half the ozone layer, according to a new study. The massive loss of protection against the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation would likely force humans into a vampire-style existence of staying indoors during daylight hours.
     Model results showed a 0.3-mile asteroid that hit at a latitude 30 degrees north in the Pacific Ocean in January would lead to a local impact on the ozone layer — though "local" still meant an ozone hole that spread across the entire Northern Hemisphere. By contrast, the 0.6-mile asteroid strike led to a worldwide drop in UV protection — at which point the "hole" ceases to be a hole.
   • OCEAN ASTEROID HITS WILL CREATE HUGE OZONE HOLES - 13 October 2010
     If a medium-sized asteroid lands in the ocean, tsunamis won't be the only worry. A new computer simulation suggests that the water vapour and sea salt thrown up by the impact could damage the Earth's protective ozone layer, leading to record levels of ultraviolet radiation that could threaten human civilisation.
     To get a sense of how much water might be jettisoned into the atmosphere if these asteroids hit the ocean, the team modelled what would happen if they reached Earth's atmosphere at a clip of 18 kilometres per second, an average speed expected for a near-Earth object, and hit the ocean in the northern hemisphere at a 45-degree angle.
     As expected, the simulations showed that the larger, 1-km asteroid created the bigger splash, throwing 42 trillion kilograms of water and vapour – enough to fill 16 million Olympic-sized swimming pools – across an area more than 1000 kilometres wide and up to hundreds of kilometres above the Earth's surface.
     
     Engulfing Earth
     Once in the atmosphere, the water, together with compounds containing chlorine and bromine from vaporised sea salts, destroyed ozone above the Earth's atmosphere at a much faster rate than it is naturally created.
     The longest lasting and most severe depletion – a cut of more than 70 per cent in ozone levels – occurred over much of the northern hemisphere.
     Dry hits
     While people may be able to protect themselves from the increased threat of sunburn, the intense UV light could also affect our food supply by damaging plants and the phytoplankton that represent the bottom of the ocean's food chain. "That is enough to really cause problems for our civilisation," Pierazzo says.
     Toon notes that impacts on land or shallow water may ultimately do more damage by kicking up dust that could significantly darken skies and inhibit plant growth. Pierazzo is now working on a model to assess how asteroids that hit dry land would affect the atmosphere.
   • EARTH LOSES ITS MAGNETISM
     A particular weakness in the field has been observed off the coast of Brazil in the so-called Southern Atlantic Anomaly. Here, eccentricities in the Earth's core have caused a "dip" in the field, leaving it 30% weaker than elsewhere.
   • QUICK FLIP OF EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD REVEALED
     The Earth's magnetic field takes an average of only 7000 years to reverse its polarity, but the switch happens much more quickly near the equator, according to the most comprehensive study yet of the last four reversals. Clement found that the duration of the transitions varied with latitude, from 2000 years near the equator to 11,000 years nearer the poles. Would be every 2500 years, but a significant impact does now always happen.
   • THE SUN FLIPS ITS MAGNETISM.
     Incidentally, our beloved Earth also flips its magnetic polarity. The time- period is less regular, with intervals 5 thousand years to 50 millions years apart. The last reversal happened 7,40,000 years ago, and some scientists feel the next reversal is overdue. Nobody knows when, and what would be its impact on life on Earth. The next column in this series will cover what may happen when our Earth flips it.
   • EARTH'S MAGNETIC POLES ON VERGE OF FLIPPING?
   • GEOLOGIST SAYS NORTH POLE MAY FLIP TO SOUTH
     A geologist says there are signs the North Pole is about to flip to the South Pole. He claims changes in the way molten iron is flowing in the Earth's core could trigger a switch. Experts at the Physics of the Globe Institute of Paris and the Danish Space Research Institute in Copenhagen carried out the comparison and say the magnetic field off the southern tip of Africa has already flipped.
   • ON THE POSSIBILITY OF VERY RAPID SHIFTS OF THE POLES - 11 April 1997
     - Summary : - Evidence exists that the poles have changed position during the past ages. This possibility, however, so far has been disregarded on the basis that such a phenomenon is thought to be physically impossible. The following article shows the possibility of very rapid shifts of the poles due to the impact of astronomical objects as small as a half-kilometer diameter asteroid. Acording to the Vulcan web site, the inner core of the Earth first changes its magnetic orientation. Then the strike of a meteorite orients the magnetic domains of the material in the Earth's crustal regions. Thus, the meteorite strikes "cement" the changed magnetic field.
   • ON THE POSSIBILITY OF VERY RAPID SHIFTS OF THE POLES - 14 April 1997
     Critisism of above.
     An interesting aspect of his arguments is the derivation of the size of asteroid needed to cause a polar shift. The way in which Dr. Barbiero determines the size of the impactor needed to cause pole shifting is not only incorrect, but it completely ignores the physical processes by which cratering occurs. It fails to provide any justification for the minimumsize of the meteorite needed create the torque which he claims is needed for pole shifting.
   • SHIELDS DOWN! EARTH'S MAG FIELD MAY DROP IN A FLASH - 04 March 2010
     EVEN if we knew precise details of Earth's core, we would not be able to predict a catastrophic flip in the polarity of its magnetic field more than a decade or two ahead.
     Our planet's magnetic field has reversed polarity from time to time throughout its history. Some models suggest that a flip would be completed in a year or two, but if, as others predict, it lasted decades or longer we would be left exposed to space radiation. This could short-circuit satellites, pose a risk to aircraft passengers and play havoc with electrical equipment on the ground.
   • "ALMOST INCONCEIVABLE" CHANGES IN THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD
     Lava flows testified that, during a reversal, the earth's field swung at the astonishing rate of 3^o(and up to 6^o in a single day. Three unpalatable possibilities have been advanced:
     1. The earth's molten core can change rapidly in response to forces still unrecognized.
     2. The dynamo theory of the origin of the geomagnetic field is incorrect.
     3. Mountain rocks are not faithful recorders of the geomagnetic field (undermines, the whole field of paleomagnetism).
   • WHAT ON EARTH...?
     If the flip-over of the Earth's magnetic field is overdue, how long do you estimate it will be before it eventually happens?
   • EPISODE OF STEEP GEOMAGNETIC INCLINATION All scenarios of crustal plate motion may have to be modified substantially.
   • WHEN THE EARTH SHIFTED GEARS No one really knows just how the terrestrial magnetic field is generated or why it has reversed its direction so frequently in past geological time. Perhaps there is a clue in the following correlation:
     Magnetic quiet periods coincide with fast seafloor spreading. During these periods, buoyant spreading ridges displace seawater into broad shelves, thus decreasing earth's albedo and causing global warming. Temperature gradients, and thus density gradients, from pole to equator decrease in surface waters, and the deep ocean currents of oxygenated polar waters wane. Oxygen minimum zones intensify and widens.
   • EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD JERKS It now seems almost certain that around 1969 a spectacular change took place in the geomagnetic field. The change was almost synchronous over the whole of the Earth's surface, took place in less than two years, and is now known to have consisted of a 'jerk'.
   • BEHIND MAGNETIC FLIP-FLOPS Taking a different tack, D. Gubbins has investigated the possibility that field reversals are triggered by ice ages and meteorite impacts (tektite falls). The physical mechanism here would be the increase in pressure upon the core, which affects the rate of freezing in the outer core, and thus the power available to the core dynamo.
   • THE MAGNETIC JERK PROBLEM While most geophysicists acknowledge that something significant happened to the core in 1969, the geographical extent of the "jerk" is unclear. The acceleration of the field was clear cut in Europe but obscure or undetectable over much of North America.
   • EARTH'S CORE ROTATING FASTER THAN REST OF THE PLANET BUT SLOWER THAN PREVIOUSLY BELIEVED - Feb 20, 2011
     Previous research had shown that the Earth's core rotates faster than the rest of the planet. However, scientists from the University of Cambridge have discovered that earlier estimates of 1 degree every year were inaccurate and that the core is actually moving much slower than previously believed – approximately 1 degree every million years. Their findings are published today, Sunday 20 February, in the journal Nature Geoscience.
     "This result is the first observation of such a slow inner core rotation rate," said Waszek "It therefore provides a confirmed value which can now be used in simulations to model the convection of the Earth's fluid outer core, giving us additional insight into the evolution of our magnetic field."
   • THE GEODYNAMO
     The inner core in our simulation initially rotated between 2 and 3 degrees longitude per year faster than the solid mantle and surface. This prediction in 1995 for the Earth motivated two seismologists from Columbia University in early 1996 to search for evidence of this super-rotation in 30 years of seismic data. They found evidence that supports our prediction and published it in July 1996, (Figure 4b). More recent simulations of ours that now include a simple parameterization for the gravitational coupling that may exist between the mantle and the inner core have a much smaller inner core rotation amplitude; however, this rotation is still predominantly eastward relative to the model Earth's surface.
   • EARTH'S CORE RUNS AHEAD OF CRUST
     US scientists claim to have confirmed that the Earth's core is spinning faster than its outer layers.
     The results show that the inner core is rotating faster than the rest of the planet by about 0.009 seconds per year.
     Earth has a solid inner core made of iron and nickel that is about 2,400km in diameter and a fluid outer core about 7,000km in diameter.
     This so-called "superrotation" of the inner core is of the order of 0.3 degrees to 0.5 degrees each year. This means that in 900 years, the inner core would gain one full rotation on the rest of the planet.
     The research could help test simulations of how the outer, fluid core generates the Earth's magnetic field, which shields our planet and the teeming life on it from harmful cosmic rays.
   • EARTH'S CORE ROTATES FASTER THAN SURFACE, STUDY CONFIRMS
     The surface movement is called plate tectonics. It involves the shifting of about a dozen major plates and is what causes most earthquakes.
     "We're talking about 50,000 times that of plate tectonic motion," Song told LiveScience.
     Circulating magma in the molten outer core generates a weak magnetic field, which the researchers suspect may be leaking into the inner core and generating an electric current. The twisting force generated by this electromagnetic interaction may be what drives the inner core's rotation.
   • AIR CURRENT VITAL TO CLIMATE WEAKENS; HUMANS BLAMED
     Walker Circulation, its effects are felt worldwide -- as disruptive El Niño episodes, seasonal Asian monsoons and the upwelling of cold water from the deep ocean that nourishes marine food chains.
     "The Walker Circulation is fundamental to climate throughout the globe, and variations in its intensity and structure affect climate across the planet
   • SCIENCE FACES 'DANGEROUS TIMES'
     He will warn core scientific values are "under serious threat from resurgent fundamentalism, West and East". Lord May will say that fundamentalism applies not only to organized religions but to lobby groups on both sides of the climate change debate. The climate change "denial lobby" and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) opposed to nuclear power are not exempt from a denial or misrepresentation of scientific facts, he told reporters in London.
   • CLIMATE 'WARMEST FOR MILLENNIUM'
   • BBC LINKS TO HUGE CLIMATE PROJECT
   • GLACIER MELT COULD SIGNAL FASTER RISE IN OCEAN LEVELS
     "We are witnessing enormous changes, and it will take some time before we understand how it happened, although it is clearly a result of warming around the glaciers,"
   • GLACIERS MELTING IN MONTANA PARK
     Dr. Daniel Fagre, a federal research scientist based at Glacier National Park in Montana, says that in 1850, the park had 150 glaciers. Today, because of global warming, there are only 27 left, with estimates that all the glaciers in the park will be gone by the year 2030.
     "It would take a pretty substantial climate change to bring our glaciers back. We would have to get a lot of moisture and it would have to get cooler," says Fagre. "So I don't think that we'll see much of a change in the next few decades."
   • OCEAN HEAT BLAMED FOR THE MYSTERIOUS DISAPPEARANCE OF GLACIERS
     A mysterious phenomenon is causing four major glaciers in the Antarctic to shrink in unison, causing a significant increase in sea levels, scientists have found. The rise in atmospheric temperatures caused by global warming cannot account for the relatively rapid movement of the glaciers into the sea, but scientists suspect that warmer oceans may be playing a role.
     "There is a possibility that heat from the ocean is somehow flowing in underneath these glaciers, but it is not related to global warming," said glaciologist Duncan Wingham of University College London. "Something has changed that is causing these glaciers to shrink.
     "At this rate the glaciers will all be afloat in 150 years or so."
   • DANISH SCIENTIST: GLOBAL WARMING IS A MYTH
     He says the currently used method of determining the global temperature -- and any conclusion drawn from it -- is more political than scientific. The argument is presented in the Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics.
   • REPORT: CLIMATE CHANGE THREAT SERIOUS
     Tony Blair, the British prime minister, has admitted that climate change is a greater threat than previously thought and that global warming is advancing at an unsustainable rate.
   • LONDON 'UNDER WATER BY 2100' AS ANTARCTICA CRUMBLES INTO THE SEA
     The first study to combine computer models of rising temperatures with records of the ancient climate has indicated that sea levels could rise by up to 20ft (6m) by 2100, placing millions of people at risk.
   • STUDIES OF ANCIENT CLIMATES SUGGEST EARTH IS NOW ON A FAST TRACK TO GLOBAL WARMING
   • ARCTIC'S TROPICAL PAST UNCOVERED
     Fifty-five million years ago the North Pole was an ice-free zone with tropical temperatures, according to research.
   • GLOBAL WARMING: METHANE COULD BE FAR WORSE THAN CARBON DIOXIDE
   • FEAR THAT GIANT 'BURP' COULD TRIGGER GLOBAL WARMING
   • NEW FINDINGS SHOW A SLOW RECOVERY FROM EXTREME GLOBAL WARMING EPISODE 55 MILLION YEARS AGO
   • CLIMATE SCIENTISTS TO ISSUE DIRE WARNINGS
   • SCIENTISTS FIND ANTARCTIC ICE SHRANK SIGNIFICANTLY
   • GLOBAL DIMMING
     DR PETER COX: 2040 it could be four degrees warmer, the climate change could have led to big drying particularly in the Amazon Basin, that would make the forest unsustainable, we'd expect the forest to catch fire probably, turn into savannah and maybe ultimately even desert if it gets really really dry as our model suggests.
   • BE WORRIED, BE VERY WORRIED
     The climate is crashing, and global warming is to blame
     One of the reasons the loss of the planet's ice cover is accelerating is that as the poles' bright white surface disappears it changes the relationship of the Earth and the sun. Polar ice is so reflective that 90 percent of the sunlight that strikes it simply bounces back into space, taking its energy with it. Ocean water does just the opposite, absorbing 90 percent of the light and heat it receives, meaning that each mile of ice that melts vanishes faster than the mile that preceded it.
   • 2005 WARMEST YEAR ON RECORD, DATA INDICATES
     'Notable' that temperatures high even without El Niño, NASA analysis says
   • HURRICANE CENTER CHIEF ISSUES FINAL WARNING
     A departing Max Mayfield is convinced that the Southeast is inviting disaster.
     His apocalyptic vision of thousands dead and millions homeless is a different side of the persona he established as head of the hurricane center.
     Mayfield attained national celebrity status during the tempestuous 2004 and 2005 seasons, appearing on network television with hourly updates as hurricanes Charley, Ivan, Frances and Wilma bore down on the Caribbean and the Southeast. His calm demeanor and avuncular sincerity endeared him to millions of TV viewers seeking survival guidance.
     The technology exists to build high-rise buildings capable of withstanding hurricane-force winds and tropical storm surge more powerful than those experienced in the last few years. Much of Hong Kong's architecture has been built to survive typhoons, and hotels and apartments built in Kobe, Japan, after a 1995 earthquake devastated the city are touted as indestructible, he said.
   • NEW ORLEANS EVACUATES AS HURRICANE KATRINA APPROACHES (Update3)
     New Orleans residents were ordered to evacuate the city today as Hurricane Katrina, one of the most powerful and potentially deadly storms ever to threaten the U.S. Gulf Coast, approached land with its 175 mph.
     The great magnetic jerk of 1970 rotated the Earth's core by about 60^o and it slowed to about 2^o or 3^o per year by the 1990's. Now it is down to about 0.3^o to 0.5^o. Viscous forces are slowing it down to match the rotation of the Earth's liquid center regions. But in doing so, heat is created and that heat is working its way out through volcanic action and through the thin part of the Earth's crust below the oceans. Thus the oceans are warming and spawning more violent hurricanes.
   • 'WARMING LINK' TO BIG HURRICANES
     Records for the past 35 years show that hurricanes have got stronger in recent times, according to a global study.
   • NEW ANALYSIS SAYS GLOBAL WARMING BOOSTS HURRICANES
   • THIS YEAR'S FAST-FORMING HURRICANES BUCK TREND, PUZZLE METEOROLOGISTS
   • INCREASE IN MAJOR HURRICANES LINKED TO WARMER SEAS
     The number of severe hurricanes has doubled worldwide even though the total number of hurricanes has dropped over the last 35 years, a new study finds. The increase in major storms like Katrina coincides with a global increase of sea surface temperatures, which scientists say is an effect of global warming.
   • THE LINK BETWEEN HURRICANES AND GLOBAL WARMING
     This year's hurricane season shattered records for frequency and ferocity. And it's going to get worse, some scientists say. But others aren't so sure. Steve Connor reports
     "On the face of it, global warming can only make things worse," says science author Fred Pearce in the latest issue of New Scientist. "The initial pillar of humid air generally forms only when the temperature of the sea surface exceeds 26C. As the oceans warm, larger areas will exceed the threshold. And every degree above the threshold seems to encourage stronger hurricanes," he says.
     More fuel was added to the fire of the debate in September when meteorologist Peter Webster of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta and his colleagues published data showing that the frequency of category four and five cyclones - the two strongest types of hurricanes - had increased significantly over the past 35 years.
   • GLOBAL WARMING POWERS UP HURRICANES
     All this is happening as sea surface temperatures have risen across the globe anywhere from around one-half to 1 degree Fahrenheit, depending on the region, for hurricane seasons since the 1970s (after the core rotation in 1970.).
   • EARTH TREMBLES AS BIG WINDS MOVE IN
     HURRICANES can trigger swarms of weak earthquakes and even set the Earth vibrating, according to the first study of such effects.
   • IS GOD TRYING TO TALK TO SOMEBODY IN THE US?
     Amos 9:6b: He calls for the waters of the sea and pours them out on the land. The Lord is his name.
     Psalm 104:3?: He makes the clouds his chariot and rides on the wings of the wind. He makes winds his messengers, and flames of fire his servants. Think Oversoul, not God.
   • CLIMATE CHANGE 'WILL PROLONG' DROUGHT CONDITIONS
   • CLIMATE CHANGE WARNING FOR SYDNEY - 31 January 2007
     It warns that if residents do not cut water consumption by more than 50% over the next 20 years, the city will become unsustainable.
   • STUDY: SUN'S CHANGES TO BLAME FOR PART OF GLOBAL WARMING
   • CLIMATE CHANGE MORE RAPID THAN EVER
     Given particular conditions, it is expected that the sea ice in the North Pole region will completely melt in the summer. Extreme weather events in Europe will increase in frequency and strength.
   • 100-SQUARE-MILE BULGE KEEPS GETTING BIGGER
     Oregon oddity could be another volcano in the making. BEND, Ore. - A recent survey of a bulge that covers about 100 square miles near the South Sister indicates the area is still growing, suggesting it could be another volcano in the making or a major shift of molten rock under the center of the Cascade Range.
     Heat from the Earth's core?
   • POSSIBLE POLE-SHIFT PRECURSOR FOUND!
     Judging from the large magnitude and relatively rapid evolution of the observed J-2 changes, one possible cause could be net material flow driven by the geodynamo in the fluid outer core and along the core-mantle boundary. There is evidence of a substantial geomagnetic jerk in 1999. Such jerks have been associated with flow acceleration in the top of the core, in addition to long- term magnetic dipole changes. Could they be related? To date, no correlation has been demonstrated between the geomagnetic observations and the observed J2 . However, a review of geodynamo simulation results indicates that the core models can possibly explain J-2 changes ?depending on the modeling assumptions."
   • POLE SHIFT & POLE REVERSAL IN 2012
     So, what do our professors indeed know? Next to nothing. In short, the scenario is as follows: a solid central core rotates in the center of the earth. It is surrounded by a liquid iron-like layer, on top of which the earth's crust is continuously drifting. This whole structure therefore appears to be a huge rotating dynamo. In addition, the liquid layer rotates in the electrostatic field of the sun, recharging itself.
     However, this is not at all efficient: more electrical potential is lost than gained. Just like a battery that is almost empty, it is difficult to recharge and it becomes exhausted more easily and quickly. This is the situation with the "battery" of the magnetic field of the earth. For this reason one sees the force of the magnetic field diminishing, almost 60% over the last two thousand years.
   • GEOMAGNETIC REVERSALS FROM IMPACTS ON THE EARTH A review the evidence tying geomagnetic reversals to the impacts of large bodies with the earth. The climate changes; biological extinctions occur, etc. A physical mechanism for geomagnetic reversals is proposed.
   • MAGNETIC POLE SHIFT MAY BE UNDERWAY
     It has moved about 5 degrees eastward.
   • OUR NORTH LOSES THE POLE After centuries in Canada, the roaming magnetic North Pole has crossed into international waters, en route to Siberia
     The pole, which, unlike the geographic North Pole, is in constant movement, has been within modern Canadian borders since at least the 1600s -- the time of Shakespeare and Sir Isaac Newton.
     In 1904 it was measured just off the northern tip of Nunavut's King William Island by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen, and since then has moved in a north to northwesterly direction at a stately 10 kilometres per year.
     But in 2001, scientists discovered that it was picking up the pace, suddenly charging ahead -- and toward the edge of Canadian territory -- at more than 40 kilometres per year.
     This year, bad weather prevented Newitt from reaching the actual location of the pole, and he hasn't completed the analysis of his observations. But he got close enough to make two measurements, and says it appears the pole is farther away than expected, and moving even faster than before.
     "We landed at two places at around 83 North, and it certainly appears the pole is probably closer to 84 North," he said. "That means that the pole is still continuing to accelerate."
     If the pole continues its current course, it will shoot across the top of Earth and end up in Siberia by mid-century.
   • OUR PLANET'S MAGNETIC FIELD IS IN A CONSTANT STATE OF CHANGE, SAY RESEARCHERS
     WHO ARE BEGINNING TO UNDERSTAND HOW IT BEHAVES AND WHY.
     The pole kept going during the 20th century, north at an average speed of 10 km per year, lately accelerating "to 40 km per year,"
   • (5) NEW INSIGHT INTO EARTH'S MAGNETIC QUIRKS
     But there is also evidence for more frequent episodes when the magnetic poles have moved a large distance -- 45 degrees or more away from the geographical pole -- then returned. These events, known as 'excursions', are rather like failed attempts at reversal. When they occur, the strength of the magnetic field falls dramatically as well, by a factor of 5 or 10.
     Professor Gubbins has drawn on recent experimental results, particularly those from a research group in Utrecht headed by Dr Cor Langereis, which clearly identify six relatively recent magnetic excursions as true global phenomena. All the excursions lasted roughly the same length of time -- about 5,000 years.
   • MAGNETIC METEORITES - 13 November 2002
     Physicists and geologists at Trinity College in Dublin have found new evidence for the existence of magnetism in carbon by examining a meteorite that crashed into the Arizona desert some 50,000 years ago. Michael Coey and colleagues examined fragments from the Canyon Diablo meteorite and found that only about two-thirds of the magnetization could be accounted for by the magnetic minerals present in the sample. This means, they say, that the rest of the magnetization is somehow associated with the carbon in the meteoritic graphite nodule.
   • TELEPORTATION GOES LONG DISTANCE
     When physicists say "teleportation", they are describing the transfer of key properties from one particle to another without a physical link. Mr Ursin said a next step towards worldwide quantum communication would be to attempt the teleportation of quantum states between particles using a satellite link.
     This may similar to the 'link' between Vulcan, the Sun and the planets of our solar system. It operates on the Primordial Black Hole seeds of these bodies and influences their magnetic fields.
   • COMPLEXITIES OF THE INNER EARTH
   • (7) "EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD WASN'T ALWAYS WHAT WE HAVE ASSUMED" - 21 December 2000
     Now, Van der Voo and colleague Trond Torsvik of the Geological Survey of Norway have found a way to reconcile the paleomagnetic data with the classical Pangea A model. The key, they say, lies in assumptions about Earth's magnetic field. Scientists generally have assumed the field is like that of a dipole, an object such as a bar magnet, with north and south magnetic poles. That view is not exactly correct -- the field does have some non-dipole components today -- but because those components vary from century to century, they have been presumed to cancel out over long spans of time.
     But suppose, says Van der Voo, "that the main magnetic field wasn't what we have always assumed as perfectly dipolar -- that there was a longstanding non-dipolar field that did not get averaged out." If that were true, positions indicated by paleomagnetic data would be slightly different from those that assume a purely dipolar field. Sure enough, when Van der Voo and Torsvik performed an analysis they found long-term non-dipole fields, and inclusion of these fields produced a near perfect continental fit with the Pangea A model.
   • ALMOST INCONCEIVABLE CHANGES IN THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD. The Earth's geomagnetic field has be found to change as rapidly as 6 degrees per day corresponding to Figure10. Rapid Rotation of the Earth's Inner Core of the ANALYSIS section of the 1997 Paper.
   • (1) ANCIENT EARTH HAD MAGNETIC FIELD 3X STRONGER THAN ONCE THOUGH - 6 March 2001
   • A POLE SHIFT IS THE LEAST OF OUR WORRIES Since 1830, the terrestrial magnetic field has been decreasing in strength. As the field weakens, so does what many believe is the natural navigatory force for many living creatures...
   • THE LAST EXTINCTION EVENT
     Howorth wrote in 1887:
     In the first place, it is almost certain in my opinion that a very great cataclysm or catastrophe occurred . . . by which the mammoth with his companions was overwhelmed over a very large part of the earth's surface.
     This catastrophe, secondly, involved a widespread flood of waters which not only killed the animals but also buried them under continuous beds of loam or gravel.
     Thirdly, that the same catastrophe was accompanied by a very sudden change of climate in Siberia, by which the animals that had previously lived in fairly temperate conditions were frozen in their flesh under the ground and have remained there ever since.
   • ICE AGE MEGAFLOOD SHAPED BAHAMAS - October 20, 2010
     Collapse of Giant Ice Age Glacial Lake responsible for carving out the Bahamas.
     A team of researchers have uncovered evidence that a Mega-Flood, or series of megafloods, from beneath the Ice Age Laurentide Ice Sheet shaped the Bahama Islands. These Mega-Floods traveled down the Mississippi River Valley and into the gulf of Mexico.
     These Megafloods entered the Gulf, rapidly raising the water level and forcing the overflow out through the much smaller Florida/Cuba Straits. This Glacial overflow then spread across the lower lying area known as the Bahama Mega-Bank.
     12,000yrs. ago, (with sea levels at least 300 ft. lower than today) the Bahama Mega-Bank was an exposed land mass larger than present day Florida.
   • ABRUPT CLIMATE CHANGE
   • CLIMATE CHANGE 'IRREVERSIBLE' AS ARCTIC SEA ICE FAILS TO RE-FORM
     Sea ice in the Arctic has failed to re-form for the second consecutive winter, raising fears that global warming may have tipped the polar regions in to irreversible climate change far sooner than predicted.
     Although sea levels are not affected by melting sea ice - which floats on the ocean - the Arctic ice cover is thought to be a key moderator of the northern hemisphere's climate. It helps to stabilise the massive land glaciers and ice sheets of Greenland which have the capacity to raise sea levels dramatically.
   • FEARS OVER CLIMATE AS ARCTIC ICE MELTS AT RECORD LEVEL
     Coverage is 20% below average for time of year
     Destructive cycle could affect Earth's weather
   • ARCTIC PERMAFROST SET TO DISAPPEAR OVER NEXT CENTURY
   • THIN ICE: UNLOCKING THE SECRETS OF CLIMATE IN THE WORLD'S HIGHEST MOUNTAINS
     An international commission predicts that there is a high likelihood that all of the Himalayan glaciers will melt by 2035. The Himalaya will turn black, and the Ganges and other rivers that flow from it will dry to seasonal streams. The 500 million people in India who depend on water from these rivers will have no other source. As mountain glaciers and snow packs melt everywhere, China, the Andes and California will face the same climate shock - no water.
   • ARCTIC ICE 'DISAPPEARING FAST'
     The area covered by sea ice in the Arctic has shrunk for a fourth consecutive year, according to new data released by US scientists.
   • WARM-UP IN THE ALPS It is not only the glaciers themselves that are warming, but the rock and soil beneath the surface as well. Scientists have discovered that Europe's permafrost, the frozen earth covering mountain areas like the Alps, is melting. Underground temperatures have risen by nearly a degree in the past decade - three times faster than at any other time in the last century. The rapid rotation of the Earth's inner core, as shown if Figure 10 and its continued motion could be readjusting thermal chimneys or even generating the release of thermal energy by that rotation itself. Evidence of global warming could be from this energy release. The oceans could likewise be warmed, producing dramatic climate changes. Glacial surges can be anticipated.
   • SEA RISE COULD BE 'CATASTROPHIC'
     Greenland could be as warm by 2100 as it was 130,000 years ago, when melting ice raised sea levels by 3-4m.
     Some of Greenland's glaciers, which are as large as Manhattan and as tall as the Empire State Building, can move 10m in less than a minute, according to Harvard University scientists. This jolt is sufficient to generate seismic waves.
   • ICE CAPS MELTING FAST: SAY GOODBYE TO THE BIG APPLE?
     The range of rise this century had been predicted to be 20 to 60 centimetres, but would be the upper end of this range at a minimum and some now believed it could be two metres. This would have catastrophic effects for European and US coastlines.
     He said newly invented ice penetrating radar showed that the melt water was pouring through to the bottom of the glacier creating a melt water lake 500 metres deep causing the glacier "to float on land. "These melt water rivers are lubricating the glacier, like applying oil to a surface and causing it to slide into the sea. It is causing a massive acceleration which could be catastrophic."
   • GREENLAND ICE CORE ANALYSIS SHOWS DRASTIC CLIMATE CHANGE NEAR END OF LAST ICE AGE
     The ice core showed the Northern Hemisphere briefly emerged from the last ice age some 14,700 years ago with a 22-degree-Fahrenheit spike in just 50 years, then plunged back into icy conditions before abruptly warming again about 11,700 years ago.
   • RETREATING GLACIERS WORRYING GREENLANDERS
     Melting permafrost has damaged hundreds of buildings, railway lines, airport runways and gas pipelines in Russia, according to the 2004 Arctic Climate Impact Assessment commissioned by the Arctic Council, an intergovernmental body.
     In 1967, satellite imagery measured it moving 4.3 miles per year. In 2003, the rate was 8.1 miles.
   • GREENLAND GLACIER RACES TO OCEAN
     Scientists have been monitoring what they say may be the fastest moving glacier on the planet.
     "These are very dramatic changes." And they are not confined to Kangerdlugssuaq.
     The observed recent increase in summer surface melting on the Greenland Ice Sheet is producing large quantities of liquid water which, if it percolates down to the base of the glacier, can lubricate its flow over rocks towards the ocean.
     Maybe Earth is warming from the inside.
   • ANTARCTIC ICE SLIPPING FASTER INTO THE SEA
     Just four years ago the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicted that Antarctica would not contribute significantly to sea level rise in the 21st century. But glaciologists meeting at the Royal Society in London this week argued that the continent could already be the principal cause of rising sea levels.
     The edges of the Antarctic ice sheets are crumbling at an unprecedented rate, says Andy Shepherd of the University of Cambridge. In one area, around the Amundsen Sea in West Antarctica, the Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers are dumping more than 110 cubic kilometres of ice each year. Warmer ocean waters circulating beneath the two glaciers are melting their bases and triggering an ever-faster slide into the ocean.
   • "BOREHOLE" DATA SUGGEST EARTH'S WARMING AT FASTER PACE
     Harris and Chapman examined temperature data from boreholes throughout the Northern Hemisphere, which helps eliminate regional anomalies in their findings. They estimate that the Earth has warmed 1.1 degrees C. over the past 500 years - more than double the 0.4- to 0.5-degree estimates suggested by most tree-ring analysis.
     In their article, they say the difference may be that tree-ring analysis primarily reflects temperatures when trees are actively growing during the warm season, but doesn't reflect changes in winter temperatures. Much of the annual warming recorded by instruments over the past 100 years has occurred during the winter season, they add.
   • THE BIG THAW: GLOBAL DISASTER WILL FOLLOW IF THE ICE CAP ON GREENLAND MELTS
     Now scientists say it is vanishing far faster than even they expected. Its complete disappearance would raise the levels of the world's seas by 20 feet, spelling inundation for London and other coastal cities around the globe, along with much of low-lying countries such as Bangladesh.
     More immediately, the vast amount of fresh water discharged into the ocean as the ice melts threatens to shut down the Gulf Stream, which protects Britain and the rest of northern Europe from a freezing climate like that of Labrador.
     Even before these discoveries, scientists had shortened to evens the odds on the Gulf Stream failing this century. When it failed before, 12,700 years ago, Britain was covered in permafrost for 1,300 years.
   • ICEBERG 'SINGS UNDER PRESSURE'
   • SATELLITES SHOW GREENING PLANET 5 September, 2001
     Researchers using satellite data say that plant life above 40 degrees north latitude has been growing more vigorously since 1981. The growing season in Eurasia is now almost 18 days longer than before with spring arriving a week early and autumn delayed by 10 days. The growing season in North America appears to be as much as 12 days longer. This research will appear in the Journal of Geophysical Research. Perhaps this is more due to the Earth warming from within than atmospheric induced global warming.
   • EARTH GETS WETTER TO FIGHT GLOBAL WARMING
     THE earth may be more resilient in the face of global warming than originally thought, according to scientists who believe the world is getting wetter as it warms, enhancing the biosphere's ability to soak up carbon dioxide. Research from Australian scientists released during the annual science meeting of the Co- operative Research Centre for Greenhouse Accounting, supports the notion that the earth is self-regulating.
   • PERU'S GLACIERS IN RETREAT
   • US SENATORS: GLOBAL WARMING OBVIOUS IN FAR NORTH
   • THE GREENLAND ICE SHEET IS MELTING!
     Melt rates of this area are indicative of geothermal fluxes 15 to 30 times greater than the continental background rate. And if a natural volcano can't bring about the demise of the Greenland Ice Sheet, it's very likely the human volcano won't either.
   • ARCTIC ICE MELTING MORE QUICKLY
     Another U.S. study suggests it will soon be the Antarctic's turn. While the climate there has been cooling for 30 years, the trend is likely to rapidly reverse, researchers from NASA's Godard Institute of Space Studies concluded.
   • GRASS FLOURISHES IN WARMER ANTARCTIC
     Measurements over the past three decades show these are among the fastest- warming places on earth, with winter temperatures already 5C higher than in 1974. Many glaciers and ice-sheets are melting.
     "What we are seeing now is dense swards or lawns forming and both plants growing much further south than ever before. It is quite remarkable."
     King and his colleagues believe such trends could continue, possibly even raising winter temperatures on the peninsula from their past average of -10C to near freezing. Eventually this could give the peninsula a climate comparable to that of Scandinavia.
     The energy from that 60^o rotation of the Earth's core in 1970 has to go somewhere.
   • WARMING HITS 'TIPPING POINT'
   • MYSTERIOUS CHANGES HIT PACIFIC COAST or
     MYSTERIOUS CHANGES HIT PACIFIC COAST
     'The Bottom Has Fallen Out Of The Coastal Food Chain'
     If the Earth's interior is increasing in temperature due to the jerk like rotation of its inner core by 60^o in 1970, that heat may be first felt at the thinnest part of the Earth's crust which is at the bottom of the oceans. These will cause biological changes in Earth's oceans.
   • GULF OF MEXICO MYSTERY
     "Right now, anywhere we go from shore to 20 miles offshore, from Sarasota to Tarpon Springs, we can't find a single creature alive on the bottom right now," said Miller. Miller says he's never seen such death and devastation under water in his 20 years of diving.
   • SIBERIA'S RAPID THAW CAUSES ALARM
     The 11,000-year-old bogs contain billions of tonnes of methane, most of which has been trapped in permafrost and deeper ice-like structures called clathrates.
   • INCREASING US MEDIA CONCERN ABOUT GLOBAL WEATHER CHAOS
   • BE PREPARED: SUDDEN SHIFTS IN CLIMATE COMING Embedded in ancient tree rings and ice cores are signs that quick, drastic change is a fundamental characteristic of Earth's climate. In a sense, humanity has been living in the meteorological equivalent of a fool's paradise. Agriculture and other aspects of civilization have developed during a period of relatively benign climate. Comet strikes cause rapid climate change.
   • CYCLICAL ICE AGE GETS HOLD OF THE EARTH ?how severe will it be by 2012?
     With our current technology, our civilization will survive the smaller cycle ? the 11,000 year cycle that can produce a mini ice age. Food will be scarce and much of the northern hemisphere will be under deep ice with little life there. Serious migration of population will take place from north to south.
     The terrestrial civilization cannot survive the mega ice age that comes every 105,000 years. In that case the ocean levels will fall by 500 feet on an average. The whole earth will be under deep ice. How do we know if the ice age that is engulfing the earth is smaller or the mega one?
   • GLOBAL WARMING UPDATE: 'EARTH ON THE BRINK OF AN ICE AGE' - January 11, 2009
     "The earth is now on the brink of entering another Ice Age, according to a large and compelling body of evidence from within the field of climate science."
     Ice cores, ocean sediment cores, the geologic record, and studies of ancient plant and animal populations all demonstrate a regular cyclic pattern of Ice Age glacial maximums which each last about 100,000 years, separated by intervening warm interglacials, each lasting about 12,000 years.
   • EARTH ON THE BRINK OF AN ICE AGE - 11.01.2009
     The earth is now on the brink of entering another Ice Age, according to a large and compelling body of evidence from within the field of climate science. Many sources of data which provide our knowledge base of long-term climate change indicate that the warm, twelve thousand year-long Holocene period will rather soon be coming to an end, and then the earth will return to Ice Age conditions for the next 100,000 years
     Ice cores, ocean sediment cores, the geologic record, and studies of ancient plant and animal populations all demonstrate a regular cyclic pattern of Ice Age glacial maximums which each last about 100,000 years, separated by intervening warm interglacials, each lasting about 12,000 years.
   • ICE CORES SHOW WARMING 'NATURAL'
   • GLOBAL WARMING TO SPEED UP AS CARBON LEVELS SHOW SHARP RISE
   • CLINTON: CLIMATE CHANGE IS THE WORLD'S BIGGEST WORRY
   • STARK WARNING OVER CLIMATE CHANGE
     Rising concentrations of greenhouse gases may have more serious impacts than previously believed, a major scientific report has said.
   • EU AIMS TO 'BURY' CARBON DIOXIDE ISSUE
     A huge European project to capture greenhouse gases and store them underground is to be piloted this week aiming to slash Europe's output of harmful carbon dioxide by 10%.
   • SCIENTISTS FIND FROZEN METHANE GAS DEPOSIT
   • SATELLITES REVEAL A MYSTERY OF LARGE CHANGE IN EARTH'S GRAVITY FIELD
     Before 1998, Earth's equatorial bulge in the gravity field was getting smaller because of the post-glacial rebound, or PGR, that occurred as a result of the melting of the ice sheets after the last Ice Age.
     Currently, the Earth has a significant upward bulge at the equator, and a downward bulge at the poles. "Observations of the Earth's gravity field show that some phenomena are counteracting the gravitational effects of PGR.
   • SATELLITES REVEAL EARTH'S MIDRIFF BULGE EXPANDING
     Satellite measurements show that the globe's 25,600-mile circumference has grown about a quarter of an inch since 1998. Things getting hotter (even from the inside) expand!
   • DOES THE EARTH CHANGE ITS SHAPE? A great weakening in the Earth's magnetic field has been discovered to have occurred 3500 to 3000 BC. See this related web site's first figure. This weakening correlates with Vulcan's last aphelion 5,000 years ago.
   • OUR PLANET IS EXPANDING
   • THE CENTRAL EXPANDING EARTH EXCHANGE
   • CLIMATE CHANGE HITS MARS
     Mars is being hit by rapid climate change and it is happening so fast that the red planet could lose its southern ice cap, writes Jonathan Leake.
     Scientists from Nasa say that Mars has warmed by about 0.5C since the 1970s. This is similar to the warming experienced on Earth over approximately the same period.
   • RED PLANET WARMING High-resolution images snapped by NASA's Mars Global Surveyor show that levels of frozen water and carbon dioxide at the Red Planet's poles have dwindled dramatically over a single Martian year. Mars, like Earth, is warming from the inside due to a shift of its primordial black hole core as Vulcan passed aphelion circa 1970.
   • MARS EMERGING FROM ICE AGE, DATA SUGGEST
   • GLOBAL WARMING ON OTHER PLANETS
   • POLAR CAPS WANE AS MARS TRIES GLOBAL WARMING
   • AND FINALLY: ASTRONOMERS DETECT SUDDEN CLIMATE CHANGE ON PLUTO
     In the last 14 years, one or more changes have occurred. "Pluto's atmosphere is undergoing global cooling, while other data indicates that the surface seems to be getting slightly warmer.
   • MYSTERIOUS CHANGES SEEN ON DISTANT DWARF PLANET
     Eris is now near its farthest point from the Sun, so it is expected to be cold and inactive. But a new study suggests the dwarf planet's surface may have changed in the last few years.
   • GLOBAL WARMING ON MARS, PLUTO, TRITON AND JUPITER - March 4th 2007
     So there is Global Warming on at least 4 other bodies in our Solar System that co-insides with the recent warming on Earth. Doesn’t this point strongly towards the Sun or some other Cosmic force as the cause?
     Yes, it does.
   • SUV'S ON JUPITER?
     Are humans responsible for climate change on the outer reaches of the solar system, or is it the sun?
     Or has Vulcan passing aphelion influenced the core related heating of all the solar planets?
   • THE WHOLE SOLAR SYSTEM IS UNDERGOING GLOBAL WARMING.
2. INCREASED AURORA RESULTING FROM A DIMINISHED EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD
   • RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN Kp AND THE AURORA
   • Kp INDEX GOES OFF THE TOP OF THE SCALE
   • MYSTERIOUS ARCTIC LIGHT BLAMED ON CLIMATE CHANGE
     Eskimos and scientists report a strange "lightness at noon" that is turning the usual all-day darkness of the high Canadian Arctic into twilight, apparently in defiance of natural laws. Canadian government officials say it may be the result of an unusual atmospheric phenomenon caused by global warming.
   • THE SUN GOES HAYWIRE
   • A DOUBLING OF THE SUN'S CORONAL MAGNETIC FIELD DURING THE PAST 100 YEARS
   • (4) GIANT SUNSPOT DETECTED Oct. 22, 2003
     Sunspot 484, which first appeared this past weekend, has grown into one of the biggest sunspots in years. Now about the size of the planet Jupiter, it's easy to see. Meanwhile, say forecasters, another big sunspot could soon appear near the Sun's southeastern limb.
   • SUN MORE ACTIVE THAN FOR A MILLENNIUM
     The Sun is more active now than it has been for a millennium. The realisation, which comes from a reconstruction of sunspots stretching back 1150 years, comes just as the Sun has thrown a tantrum.
   • SUPERNOVAE – THE FORCE BEHIND GREAT ICE AGES - James A. Marusek - 15 March 2004
   • SUNSPOT ACTIVITY AT 8,000-YEAR HIGH
     Sunspots have been more common in the past seven decades than at any time in the last 8,000 years, according to a new historic reconstruction of solar activity.
     Cosmic rays constantly bombard Earth's atmosphere. Chemical interactions create a fairly constant source of stuff called carbon-14, which falls to Earth and is absorbed and retained by trees. But charged particles hurled at Earth by active sunspots deflect cosmic rays. So when the Sun gets wild, trees record less carbon-14.
   • or SUNSPOTS MORE ACTIVE THAN FOR 8000 YEARS IBID
     They then extrapolated the tree ring data backwards in time and discovered that no period in the last 8000 years has been as active as the last 70. About 75 sunspots have appeared every year in this period, compared to an annual average of about 30 over the last 11,400 years.
   • LIGHTS SNAPPED FROM SPACE
     Red and green lights dance in the sky above the North and South poles. The two lights - the Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis - appear to be a mirror image of each other.
   • DOES THE AURORA BOREALIS FORECAST WAR IN THE UNITED STATES? The shifting core of the Earth may cause mass astrological affects on mankind which induce war. See Fig10. Rapid Rotation of the Earth's Inner Core The thesis proposed above is not necessarily unreasonable.
     • World War II followed a great Aurora Borealis . . . A great aurora borealis illuminated the skies of the world on January 25, 1938. Shortly after, World War II began. This was the great sign foretold by the Virgin Mary to the children at Fatima on July 13, 1917. "Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of France," 1938, pp. 43-68; pp. 113-125; pp. 306-310: "The first impression was of a gigantic conflagration..."
     • Prior Aurora Borealis . . . there was a war . . . Our Lady - "My children, I wish you to know that you ignored a sign of a short few days ago. We sent from the heavens the Aurora Borealis to shine unto men and let them know that when this happened before, there was a war." (3-18-89)
     • September 11, 2001 - terrorism brings war to America.
       • November 6, 2001 - A rare sighting in Ohio of the aurora borealis prompted a flurry of phone calls from concerned citizens to National Weather Service offices.
       • Southerly Ramona, California (at 33 ^o latitude, in the beautiful foothills east of San Diego)--I never thought I'd see the Aurora Borealis, but there it is.
       • North of Atlanta, Ga in Gainesville, GA. Took a look outside and to my surprise I saw the northern lights.
       • Southeast Florida and I can see this!!! It's in the northeastern sky
       • There are three huge red glowing shafts/streaks of light in the northern sky, the lights can be seen all the way down here in Phoenix AZ
       • I'm in the Northeast Heights of Albuquerque(35 ^o north latitude) and the sky is a deep, crimson red north of the city.
3. EARTHQUAKES AND CRUSTAL SHIFTS offer a way to verify the impending comet threat
   • ON THE POSSIBILITY OF VERY RAPID SHIFTS OF THE POLES
     Summary : - Evidence exists that the poles have changed position during the past ages. This possibility, however, so far has been disregarded on the basis that such a phenomenon is thought to be physically impossible. The following article shows the possibility of very rapid shifts of the poles due to the impact of astronomical objects as small as a half-kilometer diameter asteroid.
   • ON THE POSSIBILITY OF VERY RAPID SHIFTS OF THE POLES - 14 April 1997
     Critisism of above.
     An interesting aspect of his arguments is the derivation of the size of asteroid needed to cause a polar shift. The way in which Dr. Barbiero determines the size of the impactor needed to cause pole shifting is not only incorrect, but it completely ignores the physical processes by which cratering occurs. It fails to provide any justification for the minimumsize of the meteorite needed create the torque which he claims is needed for pole shifting.
   • THE MYTH HISTORY OF THE CATASTROPHE EVENTS AND THEIR CULTURAL EFFECTS
     Based on what [Tollmanns] claim to have found in the historical record, and comparing that with modern calculations of the consequence of a major collision, they conjure up the following picture of events. Immediately following a series of impacts, there was a great heat pulse produced by the fireballs. As a result of flood and fire, much of the world was left in ruins. Many of the ancient stories also tell of earthquakes of enormous magnitude. "The crust moved, according to these traditions, like the running high waves of the tempestuous sea, hurtled people on their faces, uprooted trees, crushed rocks, broke down mountain crests and raised them elsewhere, changed the landscape and submerged many islands in the Atlantic and in the Indian Ocean. Wildfires are reported in tales from Indians in California, and similar stories from the Near East around the Euphrates."
   • (1) ALASKAN EARTHQUAKE TRIGGERED BY ATMOSPHERIC IMPACT? - 12 January 1999
     The thing is burned on my retina," said Habecker, a ranger at Denali National Park and an astronomy buff. The light that blazed at about 10:20 p.m. Friday "was the biggest thing I've ever seen in the night sky."
     "You could feel it traveling through the house," said Candice Bales, a lawyer who lives in Palmer and felt the boom but never saw the light. "It came from the Sutton area, as fast as it traveled through the house. We felt it with our feet."
     Enough people called authorities Friday night to express concern that state troopers took a helicopter up to Mount McKinley the next day to search for a possible area of impact.
     The flight Saturday arose partly out of a confusion with another real event - an earthquake that struck the McKinley area about 50 minutes after the flash-boom. The small temblor, registering 2.5 on the Richter scale, occurred at 11:14 p.m. Friday and was centered 45 miles northwest of Talkeetna, said geophysicistBruce Turner with the Tsunami Warning Center in Palmer.
     Compare this to the possibility of a comet fragment, impacting in or detonating above water, could be responsible for the 7.4 magnitude Turkish earthquake of 08/17/1999 without leaving an impact crater. However, such a strike could be the fulfillment of a Nostradamus prophecy. See section 4W Tunguska and other Recent Strikes.
   • A CONTINENT SPLITS APART
     Normally new rivers, seas and mountains are born in slow motion. The Afar Triangle near the Horn of Africa is another story. A new ocean is forming there with staggering speed -- at least by geological standards. Africa will eventually lose its horn.
   • MOON IS DRAGGING CONTINENTS WEST, SCIENTIST SAYS
   • INTERACTIVE PLATE TECTONICS MAP - PLATE BOUNDARY MAP - Click a Red Icon to Learn More
   • IMPENDING EARTHQUAKES TO HIT NEW YORK AND CALIFORNIA. Is this the prelude to the big one?
     Earthquake in New York and California...
     Our Lady - "My child, the earthquakes will increase now. There will be one in New York. . . . "I repeat again, the earthquakes will increase in volume. California shall be struck. New York shall be struck. As I told you once before, there will be earthquakes in places that have never known a quake." (10-5- 85)
     
     Great Earthquake in Los Angles and New York...
     Jesus - "There will be pestilence anew. There will be earthquakes in many places. The present ones have been nothing compared to what will happen next. There will be a great earthquake in the Los Angeles area, and also New York. I told you this before." (6-17-89)
   • SCIENTISTS OBSERVE RARE CONTINENTAL RIFT PROCESS IN ETHIOPIA The volcanic activity, recorded at N 12.651 degrees longitude and E 40.519 degrees latitude, spewed ash for three continuous days and eventually numerous cracks appeared in the ground, spreading fear among the pastoralist inhabitants.
   • MASSIVE CRACK OPENS IN EARTH IN TEXAS
   • HURRICANES, EARTHQUAKES, VOLCANOES
     07-18-98 A series of 14 quakes will strike Japan with the 7.2 quake that hit Osaka being the 7th one. One of the next 4 will be an 8.9 Osaka quake. The 13 th quake will be a 9.6 quake that will strike Tokyo. The 14 th will be a small one.
     07-18-98 Los Angeles going to be hit with a 8.9 quake originating in the San Gabriel Mountains as the plate on the other side of the Pacific moves. A series of 15 quakes in the California area will cause a mass exodus.
     12-03-94 San Diego, San Bernardino, North Bakersfield, Barstow: all are fracture points. Hollister, Palo Alto, Imperial, Ukiah, Eureka, Point Mendocino, Monterrey, Offshore San Luis Obispo, Capistrano, Carmel: these are all stress points of fracture in sequence. "Time" is indefinite. Expect gradual destruction of the California economy as people begin mass exodus. Also, Shasta erupts; Lassen activity. Ocean floor begins to subside.
     The Los Angeles quake may be the one 2010 one referred to in the Bible Code
   • WHOLE LOTTA SHAKIN' GOING ON IN 2004
     Seismologists alarmed by rash of quakes rattling around globe.
   • WORLDWIDE EARTHQUAKE ACTIVITY IN THE LAST SEVEN DAYS
   • SEISMIC MONITOR
   • GEOLOGIST TUNED IN TO TEMBLORS
   • SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE 'CHANGED EARTH'S GRAVITY'
     new data from Nasa's two Grace (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellites reveals that the 9.1 magnitude quake raised the seafloor in the region by several metres for thousands of square miles.
   • EARTH'S CORE 'MYSTERIOUSLY' SHIFTS CAUSING NEAR SIMULTANEOUS ANTIPODAL EARTHQUAKES IN CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA AND INDONESIA
     
   • HUGE 'OCEAN' DISCOVERED INSIDE EARTH - February 28, 2007
     They noticed a region beneath Asia where seismic waves appeared to dampen, or "attenuate," and also slow down slightly. "Water slows the speed of waves a little," Wysession explained. "Lots of damping and a little slowing match the predictions for water very well."
     Although they appear solid, the composition of some ocean floor rocks is up to 15 percent water. "The water molecules are actually stuck in the mineral structure of the rock," Wysession explained. "As you heat this up, it eventually dehydrates. It's like taking clay and firing it to get all the water out."
     The researchers estimate that up to 0.1 percent of the rock sinking down into the Earth's mantle in that part of the world is water, which works out to about an Arctic Ocean's worth of water.
     Wysession has dubbed the new underground feature the "Beijing anomaly," because seismic wave attenuation was found to be highest beneath the Chinese capital city. Wysession first used the moniker during a presentation of his work at the University of Beijing.
     Water covers 70 percent of Earth's surface and one of its many functions is to act like a lubricant for the movement of continental plates.
     "Look at our sister planet, Venus," Wysession said. "It is very hot and dry inside Venus, and Venus has no plate tectonics. All the water probably boiled off, and without water, there are no plates. The system is locked up, like a rusty Tin Man with no oil."
   • ? EXTRATERRESTRIAL OBJECTS THAT HIT THE EARTH FORMED OUR PLANET'S TECTONIC PLAtes - Dec 11, 2019
     The tectonic plates have played a significant role in the geological evolution of the planet. Moreover, researchers think that Earth's activity was also crucial in the development of life; it's actually essential for the habitability of the planet. And for this reason, researchers had looked for answers on how and when the surface of Earth changed from molten rocks to a pretty solid crust. The latest theory says that extraterrestrial objects hitting the Earth formed our planet's tectonic plates.
4. ICE AGES
   • CROP LOSS MAP SHOWS POTENTIAL OF GLOBAL FOOD SHORTAGES AHEAD AS NASA DATA CONFIRMS TWO YEARS OF GLOBAL COOLING May 26, 2018
     Showing us 101 'events' of crop loss across the planet as of this current moment, as we reported on ANP back on May 9th, according to industry insiders, food prices were expected to skyrocket partially due to the extremely cold and very long winter experienced by huge parts of the US. Making it difficult to impossible for some farmers to even get their crops into the ground, as we'd asked in this April 17th ANP story, is full-scale weather warfare inducing global famine?
   • GULF STREAM CURRENT AT ITS WEAKEST IN 1,600 YEARS - Apr. 13, 2018
     During the last ice age, some big changes in Amoc led to winter temperatures changing by 5-10C in as short a time as one to three years, with major consequences for the weather over the land masses bordering the Atlantic. "The [current] climate models don’t predict [an Amoc shutdown] is going to happen in the future – the problem is how certain are we it is not going to happen? It is one of these tipping points that is relatively low probability, but high impact."
   • GEOPHYSICIST PREDICTS NEW “LITTLE ICE AGE” BY 2050 - May. 06, 2011
     At around 2040-2050 we will be in a new major Solar Minimum. It is to be expected that we will then have a new “Little Ice Age” over the Arctic and NW Europe. The past Solar Minima were linked to a general speeding-up of the Earth’s rate of rotation. This affected the surface currents and southward penetration of Arctic water in the North Atlantic causing “Little Ice Ages” over northwestern Europe and the Arctic.
     we will be experiencing a cold period similar to the “Little Ice Age” that enveloped the world between about 1550 AD and 1850 AD. During that time, global temperatures were up to 2 degrees F colder than now and that chill had a significant effect on food production.
   • ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT BY THE MIDDLE OF THIS CENTURY
     
   • DUST STUDY RAISES QUESTIONS CONCERNING WARMING MODELS - December 29, 2010
     Some of the Earth's tiniest naturally occurring particles may have just bred a big mess for climatologists. New findings reveal that models scientists have long used to estimate the causes and effects of global warming may be dramatically flawed due to errors in one of their most important inputs.
   • LAST ICE AGE TOOK JUST SIX MONTHS TO ARRIVE - 16th November 2009
     Previous studies have suggested the arrival of the last Ice Age nearly 13,000 years ago took about a decade - but now scientists believe the process was up to 20 times as fast.
   • WHAT SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE DO WE HAVE THAT ABRUPT CLIMATE CHANGE HAS HAPPENED BEFORE? 1. The Younger Dryas
     2. The Akkadian collapse (Mesopotamia, 4200 calendar yr B.P.)
     And the Akkadian king knew about Vulcan via the Akkadian Seal.
     Central Greenland's temperatures over the most recent 17,000 years.
     The Younger Dryas event as an example of abrupt climate change.
     
   • ABRUPT CLIMATE CHANGES OF THE LAST DEGLACIATION DETECTED IN A WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN FOREST RECORD Multi-centennial-scale oscillations in forest development occurred throughout the BA, YD, and early Holocene. Shifts in vegetation composition and (Pann reconstructions indicate that forest declines occurred during dry, and generally cool, episodes centred at 14.0, 13.3, 12.9, 11.8, 10.7, 10.1, 9.2, 8.3 and 7.4 cal ka BP. The forest record also suggests multiple, low-amplitude Preboreal (PB) climate oscillations, and a marked increase in moisture availability for forest development at the end of the PB at 10.6 cal ka BP. Dry atmospheric conditions in the Western Mediterranean occurred in phase with Lateglacial events of high-latitude cooling including GI-1d (Older Dryas), GI-1b (Intra- Allerød Cold Period) and GS-1 (YD), and during Holocene events associated with high-latitude cooling, meltwater pulses and N. Atlantic ice-rafting.
   • ICE AGE THEORIES WARMING UP - 30 April 2010
     One of the more interesting results from recent research into climate is that for the past million years or so, the earth’s climate has shown a distinct 100,000 cycle of long ice ages punctuated by a brief, warm intergalacials. We are in one of those brief warm periods, an interglacial period that is called the Holocene.
     Temperatures over the most recent 420,000 years of earth’s history.
     The zero line is just a handy reference point, it has nothing to do with the freezing point of water.
     As you can see climate changes by about 14 degrees C from the top of the interglacial to the bottom of the ice age, but even the 420,000 or so years covered by the Vostok cores is just a moment in earth’s geological history. As noted, the 100,000 year cycle has been a feature of climate for about a million years. For two million years before that the cycle was the same except that it was 40,000 years long and temperatures were warmer. The whole three million years, in turn, is part of an ice age phase of the earth in which temperatures have generally been falling. There have also been hot house phases.
     Scientists have no real idea why the earth has been cooling over the past three million years and, in particular, are puzzled over the shift from 40,000 to 100,000 cycles.
     Another glance at the graph indicates that temperatures in the previous two interglacials seem to spike to well above modern temperatures, but the ice core readings for the time show that CO2 levels were at about 300 parts per million or far less than present levels.. . . The 2007 IPCC report says that polar temperatures at the time were 3 to 5 degrees higher than now,
     As you can see from the graph the Holocene is already longer than the preceding three interglacial periods at least. Estimating from graphs that are better than mine, the Eemian lasted less than 10,000 years and the previous two interglacials lasted perhaps just 5,000 years. The Holocene, in contrast, has clocked up 10,000 years plus. Further, those 10,000 years have remained comparatively warm, in contrast to the previous interglacials in which temperatures spiked then fell away again very quickly. In all cases the final collapse into an ice age has been abrupt - perhaps just a few generations. The atmosphere-oceanic system just seems to trip over itself to fall 10 degrees and more, and with climate theory in its present state there is no way to predict when it will occur.
   • POLAR ICE CAP DURING LAST ICE AGE MAY NOT HAVE BEEN AS EXTENSIVE AS PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT - November 30, 2009
     "We will now have to re-think our theories on how people migrated to northern Sweden and northern Norway, said Ostlund.
     "They didn't get here from the south via the coasts, the finds in Kaunisvaara make this very clear," he added.
   • SORRY TO RUIN THE FUN, BUT AN ICE AGE COMETH
     There is also plenty of anecdotal evidence that 2007 was exceptionally cold. It snowed in Baghdad for the first time in centuries, the winter in China was simply terrible and the extent of Antarctic sea ice in the austral winter was the greatest on record since James Cook discovered the place in 1770.
     It is time to put aside the global warming dogma, at least to begin contingency planning about what to do if we are moving into another little ice age, similar to the one that lasted from 1100 to 1850.
     The interglacial we have enjoyed throughout recorded human history, called the Holocene, began 11,000 years ago, so the ice is overdue. We also know that glaciation can occur quickly: the required decline in global temperature is about 12C and it can happen in 20 years.
     The next descent into an ice age is inevitable but may not happen for another 1000 years. On the other hand, it must be noted that the cooling in 2007 was even faster than in typical glacial transitions. If it continued for 20 years, the temperature would be 14C cooler in 2027.
     By then, most of the advanced nations would have ceased to exist, vanishing under the ice, and the rest of the world would be faced with a catastrophe beyond imagining.
   • SEA CHANGE: WHY GLOBAL WARMING COULD LEAVE BRITAIN FEELING THE COLD
     ?No new ice age yet, but Gulf Stream is weakening
     ?Atlantic current came to halt for 10 days in 2004
   • NO NEW ICE AGE FOR WESTERN EUROPE
     Fears that a shutdown of ocean currents is about to plunge Europe into a mini ice age have receded.
     Unless there is a comet-Earth impact of course.
   • DID CIVILIZATION EMERGE THANKS TO A CHANGE IN THE WEATHER?
     The five factors that Diamond believes drive societal failure are: hostile neighbors, loss of trading partners, environmental damage, climatic change, and how societies respond to these potentially devastating environmental problems.
   • TROPICAL ICE CORES SHOWS TWO ABRUPT GLOBAL CLIMATE SHIFTS
     Their conclusions mark a massive climate shift to a cooler regime that occurred just over 5,000 years ago, and a more recent reversal to a much warmer world within the last 50 years.
     Noah's flood (caused by a comet impact) occurred near 3195 BC, just over 5000 years ago.
   • FIRE AND ICE: THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW
   • THE GREAT CLIMATE FLIP FLOP
     One of the most shocking scientific realizations of all time has slowly been dawning on us: the earth's climate does great flip-flops every few thousand years, and with breathtaking speed. We could go back to ice-age temperatures within a decade ?and judging from recent discoveries, an abrupt cooling could be triggered by our current global-warming trend. Europe's climate could become more like Siberia's.
   • DIE OFF
   • SUDDEN CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH HUMAN HISTORY
   • CLIMATE KEY TO MEGA-BEAST DEMISE
     It is unlikely humans exterminated the immense marsupial Diprotodon and other huge beasts that once roamed Australia in a short killing spree. Two new studies reject the theory that humans moving on to the continent more than 45,000 years ago took out its megafauna in a 1,000-year "blitzkrieg".
     The studies suggest instead a more complex pattern to the extinctions. Their authors say humans certainly had a role but it was not as important as the period's climate changes.
     "There is not a single stone-spear-point in Australia until, at the very earliest, about 15,000 years ago - long after anyone thinks the megafauna went extinct," said co-author Dr Stephen Wroe, from the University of Sydney. "You try taking out a two-to-three-tonne wombat with a pointy stick. "I don't doubt the first Aboriginals did hunt megafauna but the argument that they did it with the efficiency required to effect near-instantaneous extinction is not, in my view, credible."
   • GLACIAL RECORDS DEPICT ICE AGE CLIMATE IN SYNCH WORLDWIDE
     The new work suggests that ice ages were worldwide phenomena due, in part, to the sluggish redistribution of solar energy through the world's oceans punctuated by repeated, rapid cooling of the Earth's atmosphere. The results are significant because they indicate that the whole Earth experiences major ice age cold periods at the same time, and thus, some climate forcing mechanism must homogenize the Earth's climate system during ice ages and, by inference, other periods
   • GLACIERS ARE MELTING AT THEIR FASTEST RATE FOR 5,000 YEARS
     Ice cores taken from mountains as far apart as the Andes in South America and the Himalayas in Asia have revealed how climate change is leading to a full- scale retreat of the world's tropical glaciers.
     "These three lines of evidence argue that the present warming and associated glacier retreat are unprecedented in some areas for at least 5,200 years," Steve Connor
   • GLACIAL RECORDS DEPICT ICE AGE CLIMATE IN SYNCH WORLDWIDE
     Because the Earth is oriented in space in such a way that the hemispheres are out of phase in terms of the amount of solar radiation they receive, it is surprising to find that the climate in the Southern Hemisphere cooled off repeatedly during a period when it received its largest dose of solar radiation," says Singer. "Moreover, this rapid synchronization of atmospheric temperature between the polar hemispheres appears to have occurred during both of the last major ice ages that gripped the Earth.
   • PROLOGUE
     Very soon, however, heterodox thinkers such as the Cambridge astronomer Sir Fred Hoyle began to put other pieces of the puzzle together. Having already dispensed with Milankovich Earth axis tilt thesis as well as another of his own invention, Hoyle proposed that major meteor strikes were the cause of the great glaciations that have occurred in the last million years or so in a book entitled Ice. Having dispensed with Uniformatarianism Hoyle was informed enough to see that the Darwinian thesis for evolution was also out of date. Something had to be done according to Hoyle. Hoyle's theories are cited only at professional risk. His theories on the Ice Age are ignored.
     Humanity's most common Chief Feature is Stubbornness.
   • THE DISCOVERY OF RAPID CLIMATE CHANGE
     Only within the past decade have researchers warmed to the possibility of abrupt shifts in Earth's climate. Sometimes, it takes a while to see what one is not prepared to look for.
   • GIANT COMETS, EVOLUTION AND CIVILIZATION . S.V.M. Clube, F. Hoyle, W.M. Napier & N.C.Wickramasinghe: ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE, 1996, Vol.245, No.1, pp.43-60
     Giant comets thrown into short-period, Earth-crossing orbits are a major source of mass flux into the inner planetary system. Their disintegration products may give rise to climatic cycles, ice epochs, periodic mass extinctions and other global disturbances. Comets greater than or similar to 100 kilometres in diameter, in chaotic orbits beyond Jupiter, probably constitute a more substantial current hazard than stray asteroids.
   • GREENHOUSE GASES WILL SAVE EARTH, PROFESSORS SAY
     Professors Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe claim attempts to counter global warming are misguided. Writing in the Astrophysics and Space Science Journal, they believe the Earth broke free of the grip of the Ice Ages after it was struck by a comet 10,000 years ago.
   • THE NEW ICE AGE
     As late as 1975 the editor of New Scientist was warning that 'the threat of a new ice age must now stand alongside nuclear war as a likely source of wholesale death and misery for mankind'.
     If anything, it is the risk of an ice age which we have to fear. When ice ages arrive, the geological record tells us, they arrive quickly, within the space of a few years. A repeat of the last ice age would see the ice caps extending to the Thames. England would become like Greenland: capable of supporting marginal settlements on its southernmost fringes, but a wasteland within. What is more, the geological record shows that ice ages have tended to occur at 10,000-year intervals and are preceded by few warning signs. The last ice age ended 10,000 years ago.
   • THE WEAKENING OF THE OCEAN CURRENTS COULD BE THE FIRST SIGN OF AN ICE AGE
     According to the researchers, the powerful ocean current which transports warm water to Britain and northern Europe has weakened dramatically in recent years because of the global warming. As a result, the inhabitants of these regions are likely to experience harsher winters and cooler summers.
     "Models show that if it shuts down completely, 20 years later, the temperature is 4C to 6C degrees cooler over the UK and north-western Europe,"
   • SCIENTIST PREDICTS 'MINI ICE AGE'
     The coldest period will occur 15 to 20 years after a major solar output decline between 2035 and 2045, Abdusamatov said.
   • RUSSIAN SCIENTIST PREDICTS 'MINI ICE AGE'
     A Russian astronomer, Khabibullo Abdusamatov of the Pulkovo Astronomic Observatory in St. Petersburg, reported on Monday that the global warming experienced in the 20th century was mainly caused by an increased solar activity. According to him, this increased solar activity will reach its peak in six of seven years from now, after which the temperatures will start to drop.
     Abdusamatov said there will be a massive solar output decline between around 2035 and 2045 which will correspond to a mini Ice Age on Earth.
   • THIRD OF PLANET'S POPULATION WILL FALL VICTIMS TO NATURE'S CATASTROPHES
     According to the World's Meteorological Organization (WMO), there soon might be an unprecedented amount of catastrophic weather anomalies on the Earth.
   • VEGETATION At The Last Glacial Maximium
   • CLIMATE CHANGE 'TO DROWN BRITAIN'
   • BRITAIN 'MAY FACE SUDDEN ICE AGE'
     At any time after 2010, their research suggests, Britain's average temperature could drop by up to 5C within as little as three or four years - with catastrophic results for farming, transport, northern towns and tourism.
     MANY SCIENTISTS NOW BELIEVE THAT RAPIDLY INCREASING CO2 EMISSIONS WILL EXACERBATE THE NATURAL CYCLE.
   • SCIENTISTS STIRRED TO RIDICULE ICE AGE CLAIMS
     Climate scientists have been stirred to ridicule claims in an upcoming Hollywood blockbuster that global warming could trigger a new ice age, a scenario also put forward in a controversial report to the US military. Global warming will not cause an Ice Age, but a comet impact could
   • RESEARCHERS REVEAL IRON AS KEY TO CLIMATE CHANGE
     MOSS LANDING, California -- A remarkable expedition to the waters of Antarctica reveals that iron supply to the Southern Ocean may have controlled Earth's climate during past ice ages. Metallic meteorites contain high concentrations of iron. Perhaps an alternative explanation for the theorized iron rich dust supposedly responsible for the large phytoplankton growth is dust from meteorite and comet impacts that periodically bombard the earth, coinciding with the onset of ice ages.
   • GLOBAL COOLING? IT SOUNDS PREPOSTEROUS, BUT...
   • ON THE CAUSE OF ICE-AGES - 7 December 1999
   • (10) WHAT TERMINATED THE LAST ICE AGE? 2 Feburary 2000
     These latest findings add to recent studies that showed the Pleistocene-Holocene transition to have transpired within a brief span of 50 years or so, thus casting more doubt on the traditional Milankovitch-theory of gradual climate chance.
   • MANKIND 'ESCAPED EXTINCTION BY PURE LUCK'
   • ON THE CAUSE OF ICE-AGES By Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe
     
   • CLIMATE CHANGE DURING ICE AGE DID NOT HAPPEN AT ONCE - Dec 10 2008
     Major climatic events during past global ice ages did not occur at once or with the same intensity everywhere, according to new data.
     The research shows that Mongolian glacier advances during the last ice age were not synchronised with alpine glaciers in Europe and North America, suggesting that climate varied significantly between continents.
     David Fink, Leader of ANSTO’s Cosmogenic climate Archives of the Southern Hemisphere (CcASH) project, said ANSTO has refined a dating technique which measures nuclear signals or ‘cosmogenic radioisotopes? produced in rock surfaces when they are freshly exposed. This technique can accurately date the time glaciers advance and retreat.
   • NEW CLIMATE STUDY CHALLENGES THINKING ON LARGE-SCALE, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
     A study of past climate changes in the South American tropics has challenged traditional understanding of the mechanisms that triggered the advance and retreat of glaciers during the last ice age. The National Science Foundation (NSF) funded study was published in this week's issue of Science.
     A research team found that glaciers in the tropical Andes Mountains retreated several thousand years earlier than North American glaciers during a period of wet climate conditions, and during a time when the sun's warming radiation (solar insolation) was at a minimum.
     The finding contradicts traditional thinking that climate conditions in the northern latitudes generate the advance and retreat of global glaciation, and that glaciers retreated during dry climate conditions and when solar insolation was at its maximum, said lead researcher Geoffrey Seltzer of Syracuse University. "If the tropics warmed earlier than the northern latitudes, as our study demonstrates, that means there is something else influencing climate change that we don't yet understand."
   • (1) HOW DID LIFE SURVIVE SNOWBALL EARTH? - 24 May 2000
     The precursor of modern animals may have been able to survive a Snowball Earth era that occurred some 600 million years ago because of a belt of open water along the equator, suggests scientists from the University of Toronto and Texas A&M University. This was a time considered critical in the evolutionary development of multi-celled animals and therefore the most important interval for biological evolution in general.
   • (10) LIFE FLOURISHED WHEN EARTH WAS WARMER
   • (6) GLOBAL WARMING IS 'GOOD FOR YOU' - 13 May 1998
     Dr Moore bases his assertion on two arguments. Firstly, he points out that the two periods in human history that were warmer than today were not characterised by economic and social stagnation. On the contrary, mankind flourished. Secondly, he contends that higher carbon-dioxide emissions, coupled with warmer autumns and winters, would boost agricultural production, reduce burdensome heating costs, improve transportation and cut fatalities.
   • WORLD GETTING 'LITERALLY GREENER'
     Satellite data show plant growth has been measurably more vigorous over the last 25 years.
   • MYSTERIOUS HOT SPOT SPARKS FIRE
   • WARMING WARNING FOR ANTARCTICA
     The Antarctic Peninsula is one of three points on the globe that is warming particularly quickly at the moment. Climate had always changed. But the change now was particularly rapid and could trigger unexpected events, he warned.
   • MELTING ALASKA MAKES THE FRONT PAGE
   • A GIS-BASED VEGETATION MAP OF THE WORLD AT THE LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM (25,000-15,000 BP [or YA])
   • GLOBAL LAND ENVIRONMENTS SINCE THE LAST INTERGLACIAL
   • ABRUPT CLIMATE CHANGE
     Did the influx of freshwater 8,200 years ago from large lakes in what is now northern Canada help trigger the coldest climate event in the Earth's climate system in the past 10,000 years?
   • DOOM WARNINGS SOUND MORE LOUDLY
     Yet the record preserved in cores drilled out of the Greenland icecap shows climate change can be very rapid indeed, flipping from one stable state to another in a few decades.
   • SUNSPOTS REACHING 1,000-YEAR HIGH
     Scientists based at the Institute for Astronomy in Zurich used ice cores from Greenland to construct a picture of our star's activity in the past. They say that over the last century the number of sunspots rose at the same time that the Earth's climate became steadily warmer. In particular, it has been noted that between about 1645 and 1715, few sunspots were seen on the Sun's surface. This period is called the Maunder Minimum after the English astronomer who studied it. But the most striking feature, he says, is that looking at the past 1,150 years the Sun has never been as active as it has been during the past 60 years. Over the past few hundred years, there has been a steady increase in the numbers of sunspots, a trend that has accelerated in the past century, just at the time when the Earth has been getting warmer. The data suggests that changing solar activity is influencing in some way the global climate causing the world to get warmer. Over the past 20 years, however, the number of sunspots has remained roughly constant, yet the average temperature of the Earth has continued to increase.
   • THE SUN GOES HAYWIRE
   • WHEN THE SUN LOST ITS HEAT
     Locked away in fossils is evidence of a sudden solar cooling. Kate Ravilious meets the experts who say it could explain a 3,000-year-old mass migration - and today's global warming
   • CCNet-ESSAY: ON THE CAUSE OF ICE-AGES
     By Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe
     "The renewal of ice-age conditions would render a large fraction of the world's major food-growing areas inoperable, and so would inevitably lead to the extinction of most of the present human population. Since bolide impacts cannot be called up to order, we must look to a sustained greenhouse effect to maintain the present advantageous world climate. This implies the ability to inject effective greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, the opposite of what environmentalists are erroneously advocating."
     
     During the ice-ages the whole Earth was cooled, including the tropics. This is proved by glaciers extending down to about 10,000 feet on tropical mountains, mountains which at present do not hold glaciers, such as the mountains on the island of Hawaii.
   • 66-FOOT WAVES HIT NEW YORK IN ANCIENT ASTEROID SPLASHDOWN - 26 October 2010
     Now researchers have evidence suggesting that an asteroid roughly 200 yards (183 meters) wide crashed off the coast of New Jersey and sent tsunamis surging toward what is now New York City some 2,300 years ago.
     "Our models suggest the tsunamis were up to 20 meters (66 feet) high when they entered the Hudson River," said researcher Dallas Abbott, a geologist at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in New York.
     New York City lies at the mouth of the Hudson. When the scientists drilled out tubes of sediment from the New York and New Jersey area, they discovered layers of unusual debris that, they suggest, were laid down by tsunamis.
     "We have layers up to maybe 30 centimeters (11.8 inches) thick," Abbott said. "They get thinner upriver, where they're more like 6 centimeters (2.3 inches) thick."
   • ASTEROIDS & TSUNAMI: GOOD NEWS & BAD
     Big asteroids can be extra deadly when they strike the ocean, carving aquatic craters and sending huge waves in all directions. These tsunami can wreak destruction on shores thousands of miles away. Bad news for people living in coastal areas, but it could be a lucky break for the rest of mankind: The same impact on land would throw dust high into the atmosphere and could block sunlight for many months, possibly causing global starvation and mass extinctions
   • A CRATER A DAY
     When I first started with all this, my intention was to see if I could figure out a better way to scope out new, undocumented craters, or likely places to go meteorite hunting. I didn’t do so well at first. But ironically, when I quit looking for new craters, and started focusing on identifying formations of airburst melt, I began to find too many new craters to count…
   • NEED FOR A NEW RISK ASSESSMENT FOR AIRBURST IMPACTS?
     Most evaluations of the risks of asteroid or comet impacts state that there is little danger associated with those many cases where the object explodes in the air and never reaches the ground (Chapman and Morrison 1994). There is only significant global risk in those rare cases where a large object hits the surface - less than once per 100,000 years. However, the experience of the last 100,000 years has been a large number of climate excursions overlapped by the beginning and end of an ice age. The ice age climate excursions occurred about every 3,000 years with differences in mean temperatures of up to 7 degrees centigrade (Dansgaard et al 1993).
     
     Climate excursions on a smaller scale have also characterized the latest 6,000 years. This has been shown by decade long, worldwide narrowing of tree rings (Baillie 1995, 1999). Baillie has described at least 6 well dated episodes: 540 AD, 44 BC, 207 BC, 1159 BC, 1628 BC and 2345 BC. Only the episode 1628 BC can be explained by volcanism: the explosion of Santorini north of Crete destroying the minoan civilization. The AD 540 event lasting from 536-545 is best described in the historical records; it involved reduced sunlight, mists or "dry" fogs, crop failures, famines in China and the Mediterranean, and plagues.
     
     The impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy on Jupiter was a series of high airbursts resulting in huge plumes covering tens of thousands of km squared. The plumes were extremely black ("gunk"), they were visible for months and the particle haze in the Jupiter atmosphere has remained for years (Friedson et al 1999).
5. EARTH IMPACT ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
   • BRUTAL 2020/21 NORTHERN HEMISPHERE WINTER ONE FOR THE RECORD BOOKS - May 1, 2021
     CONCLUSION:
     Dangerous global cooling will continue, it will be sporadic, moving from continent to continent with the seasons and the polar vortex, and could last for decades.
     There will be no catastrophic human-made warming and no significant increase in chaotic weather due to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
   • CLIMATE OF CALIFORNIA
   • IT'S ALL PLAYING OUT: TAKING A CLOSER LOOK AT A "LEAKED" EMAIL FROM PMO'S OFFICE - April 25, 2021
     The government of Canada plans to take over all property that has a loan on itl At first, this looks very communistic but consider that if there is a major cosmic impact, all of cCanada will be 'iced over and uninhabitable.
   • DOUG CASEY ON THE SHOCKING 2025 'DEAGEL' FORECAST: WAR, POPULATION REDUCTION, & THE COLLAPSE OF THE WEST - April 21, 2021
     In it, they predict a 70% reduction in the size of the United States population.
     This is a bold prediction. What are your thoughts on this?
     Doug Casey: I’ve got to say that I wasn’t familiar with Deagel - it keeps a low profile. Deagel is in the same business as Jane’s—which has been in the business of analyzing weapons systems for many decades.
     A look at the Deagel website, which is quite sophisticated, makes it clear we’re not dealing with some blogger concocting outrageous clickbait. It seems to be well-connected with defense contractors and government agencies like the CIA.
     They’ve predicted that about 70% of the US population, and about the same percentage in Europe, is going to disappear by 2025. It’s hard to believe that anybody in their position would make a forecast like that. There’s no logical business reason for it, especially since it was done before the COVID hysteria gripped the world. It stretches a reader’s credulity.
   • EARTH'S OUTER SHELL BALLOONED DURING MASSIVE GROWTH SPURT 3 BILLION YEARS AGO - Jan 20, 2021
   • THE ELSA-FLOOD-STACK: A RECONSTRUCTION FROM THE LAMINATED SEDIMENTS OF EIFEL MAAR STRUCTURES DURING THE LAST 60,000 YEARS - July 2016
     Highlights
     • First highly resolved flood frequency record for the last 60 000 years
     • Age–Depth model based on the total carbon concentration of Auel detects all 17 GI.
     • High flood activity is related to Greenland Stadials or anthropogenic impact.
     • Low vegetation coverage is the main cause for the development of flood layers.
     • The precipitation plays only a secondary role.
     A total of 233 flood layers over 7.5 mm were detected in all analysed cores. The stratigraphic classification of the flood events follows the newly defined Landscape Evolution Zones (LEZ). The strongest events in the Holocene have occurred during LEZ 1 (0–6000 b2k) in the years 658, 2800 and 4100 b2k. Flood layers in the LEZ 2 (6000–10 500 b2k) are not as frequent as during the LEZ 1, nevertheless, the floods cluster between 6000 and 6500 b2k. Twenty flood layers are found in the LEZ 3 (10 500–14 700 b2k); 11 in LEZ 4 (14 700–21 000 b2k); 15 in LEZ 5 (21 000–28 500 b2k); 34 in LEZ 6 (28 500–36 500 b2k); 8 in LEZ 7 (36 500–49 000 b2k); zero in LEZ 8 (49 000–55 000 b2k) and LEZ 9 (55 000–60 000 b2k). The maximum flood phases during the Pleistocene are at 11 500–17 500 (late glacial and Younger Dryas), 23 000–24 000 (before Greenland Interstadial (GI) 2), 29 000–35 000 (especially between GI 5 and 4) and 44 000–44 500 b2k (transition from GI 12 to 11).
     The variations in flood dynamics are climatically driven and mainly associated with climate transitions and colder periods, combined with light vegetation. It turns out that low vegetation coverage related to both Greenland Stadial phases and anthropogenic impacts since late Holocene is the main cause for the development of flood layers in maar sediments. The precipitation itself, plays only a secondary role. This interpretation is based on the current climate understanding of cold phases and several studies of fluvial erosion related to vegetation coverage.
   • What If A Mega-Tsunami Hit The East Coast Of The United States? - April 30, 2019
     Someday a giant meteor will slam into the Atlantic Ocean, and the colossal tsunami that is produced will wipe out most of the people that are living along the east coast. In 1998, a big Hollywood movie entitled “Deep Impact” imagined what such an event would look like, and scientists assure us that it is just a matter of time before it takes place. And since 39 percent of all Americans live in a county that directly borders a shoreline, we are in an extremely vulnerable position. Let’s just hope that what I am talking about in this article does not happen any time soon.
   • Thickness of the Ice Sheets of Last Glaciation Compared to Modern Skylines - 15 June 2013
   • Global cooling: Are we headed into a ‘little ice age?’ - 10/29/2013
   • The Depopulate of 4-5 Billion People. Coming Soon - October 8, 2013
   • FORGET GLOBAL WARMING, THERE'S A SPACE ROCK WITH OUR NAME ON IT - July 28, 2009
     While we spend time, money and effort on battling climate change, a very real threat is being virtually ignored.
     But there's little we can do. The space flotsam smashes into the solar energy farm formerly known as Arizona. The space rock, 100 meters in diameter, hits at a velocity of 50,000 mph, with the force of thousands of nuclear warheads. Untold millions die. Dust and debris blot out the sun and chill the planet for years to come. Crops fail, billions starve. The heat of impact releases torrents of nitrous and nitric acid rain.
     So horrendous is the calamity that some even dare wonder if the enormous investment in fending off climate change might not have been better spent.
   • BEHOLD, THE ICEMAN COMETH
   • EARTH'S CLIMATE IS SEESAWING, ACCORDING TO CLIMATE RESEARCHERS
     During the last 10,000 years climate has been seesawing between the North and South Atlantic Oceans. As revealed by findings presented by Quaternary scientists at Lund University, Sweden, cold periods in the north have corresponded to warmth in the south and vice verse. These results imply that Europe may face a slightly cooler future than predicted by IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
   • CHINA SEES CLIMATE IMPACTS AHEAD Me too!
     Climate change will bring major impacts to several regions of China, according to a major report from its government.
     The National Climate Change Assessment Report sees higher temperatures causing droughts, spreading deserts and reducing water supplies.
   • UAE GETS FIRST SNOW EVER! - January 02, 2005
   • MELTDOWN BEATS WARNINGS
     The snow-capped summit of Mount Kilimanjaro has melted away to reveal the tip of the African peak for the first time in 11,000 years.
   • DUST 'AFFECTS HURRICANE ACTIVITY'
     US researchers have discovered a link between Atlantic hurricane activity and thick clouds of dust that periodically rise up from the Sahara Desert. At times of intense hurricane activity, dust clouds were scarce, but in years with stronger dust storms, fewer hurricanes swept across the Atlantic.
   • ASTEROID COLLISION TO DEVASTATE MARINE LIFE IN EQUAL MEASURE AS ON LAND
     Washington, Sept 11 : A global catastrophe brought about by a meteorite strike would equally affect marine life forms living two miles below the sea, as on land, according to a new study by a researcher from the University of Southampton.
   • NATURAL CLIMATE CHANGE PERIODICALLY WIPES OUT MAMMAL SPECIES: STUDY
     Palaeontologists have long puzzled over fossil records that, remarkably, suggest mammal species tend to last around two and a half million years before becoming extinct. They found that rodent species bit the dust in two regular waves.
     One wave of extinction was roughly every 2.4 million years or so and the other was about every million years or so, coinciding with extremes in the cycles of ellipticality, wobble and tilt.
     These were not swift, massive die-outs of the kind that famously wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, but rather a fadeout of species which could not cope with habitat loss or competition, especially when Ice Ages kicked in.
     Astronomical impact "provides a crucial missing piece in the puzzle" of regular species turnover, it says. Previous research has also established that Earth's climate system can be affected by massive volcanic eruptions or the impact of an asteroid or comet. These can kick up so much dust that the planet receives less sunlight, and in turn plant species suffer.
   • FIRST CIVILIZATIONS WIPED OUT . . . IT COULD HAPPEN AGAIN!
     Throughout the world, there are a dozen impact craters that formed within the past 10,000 years. Two large ones formed in Argentina within the past 5,000 years. Because of the extent of the oceans, it is reasonable to believe that for every crater found on the ground there are several under water.
   • CLIMATE CHANGE MARKS DAWN OF MAN
   • BONES REVEAL FIRST SHOE-WEARERS
     Sturdy shoes first came into widespread use between 40,000 and 26,000 years ago, according to a US scientist.
   • DATING THE LATE ARCHAIC OCCUPATION OF THE NORTE CHICO REGION IN PERU
     These sites share certain basic characteristics, including large-scale monumental architecture, extensive residential architecture and a lack of ceramics. The 95 new dates confirm the emergence and development of a major cultural complex in this region during the Late Archaic period between 3000 and 1800 calibrated calendar years BC.
   • CLIMATE AS A THEORY OF HISTORY
   • EARTH BATTERED THROUGH HISTORY BY COMETS
     Researchers say impacts caused global crises, mass extinctions
   • ASTRONOMERS UNRAVEL A MYSTERY OF THE DARK AGES
     The surprising result of the new work is just how small a comet is needed to cause such dramatic effects. The scientists calculate that a comet not much more than half a kilometre across could cause a global nuclear winter effect. This is significantly smaller than was previously thought.
   • (11) COMETS OF RECENT HISTORY, POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON EARTH
     Even if the nuclei are more than .002 AU from Earth this could still be substantial enough to alter the climate. Probably, tree ring chronologies and ice cores could offer more definitive proof, although the confusion with volcanism is a substantial detraction. But then, how many volcanoes were impact related?
   • CLARK R. CHAPMAN
   • SPACE ROCK CAN JAM LIFE ON EARTH
     An object of about 304.8 metres would flatten everything in an area the size of a state and kill everybody there. The planetwide effects of such a catastrophe are unknown, but debris thrown into the atmosphere can diminish sunlight and affect agriculture for months.
   • THE GREAT CLIMATE FLIP-FLOP
     A meteor strike that killed most of the population in a month would not be as serious as an abrupt cooling that eventually killed just as many. With the population crash spread out over a decade, there would be ample opportunity for civilization's institutions to be torn apart and for hatreds to build, as armies tried to grab remaining resources simply to feed the people in their own countries. The effects of an abrupt cold last for centuries. They might not be the end of Homo sapiens - written knowledge and elementary education might well endure - but the world after such a population crash would certainly be full of despotic governments that hated their neighbors because of recent atrocities. Recovery would be very slow.
   • CATASTROPHES AND HUMAN EVOLUTION
   • IRAQI OIL NOT ENOUGH FOR US
     Many are already aware that our species is under siege from comets, super volcanoes, mega tsunamis and not the least of all, ourselves. We shouldn't be surprised about this. After all, we already know that our planet's history is rife with species ending disasters. Otherwise we would all be dinosaurs. In a universe full with black holes, comets, supernovae, predatory virus, and runaway planetary forces, few civilizations survive long enough to develop technologies to harness the cosmic and planetary forces that will ultimately snuff them out.
   • (11) COSMIC CATASTOPHES & EVOLUTIONARY PROGRESS
     Therefore, I would add to your thesis some relevant ideas about human evolution and expand your concept of sudden cosmic catastrophism to evolution in general. There seems no reason to not believe that there were at least 20 globally devastating cosmic catastrophes during the last 5 million years. The impacts surely caused significant climate downturns, reduction in the ozone layer, severe acid rain, and the global distribution of toxins. However, these catastrophes should not always be looked on as evolutionarily detrimental. In fact, providing the devastations didn't wipe out all life or severely restrict it, the catastrophes probably propelled our ancestors to adapt genetically and socially to the changing environment.
     Episodes of cometary or asteroidal impacts punctuate natural as well as human and societal evolution and should thus be looked upon as natural agencies determining evolutionary regressions, extinctions, macro-mutations, and also in some instances evolutionary progress.
   • (2) WHAT IS A CIVILISATION-ENDING IMPACT? - 3 Feburary 1998
     Most considerations on this have been done by physical scientists using physical considerations. I believe that the normally-quoted value is an object 1-2 km in size, which would cause a 'global catastrophe,' the limiting effect being the production of oxides of nitrogen in the blast and hence poisoning of the atmosphere (i.e., there are other deleterious effects, but this seems to be the major one, the one which sets the limit on the impactor size).
     In my view, though, the present western civilization with its intricate economic links would be unlikely to survive unscathed the aftermath of a 100-200 metre object arriving either: (a) Over Central/Western Europe; (b) Over either the NE or the West Coast of the USA; or (c) Over the Atlantic or Pacific but close enough to populous coasts to cause megadeaths. Nostradamus's 7 strad meteorite is 474 meters in diameter or more.
   • SCIENTISTS FORESEE THE END OF THE EARTH
   • HUMAN RACE - THE PAST & THE FUTURE.
   • (7) MITIGATION, MANAGEMENT & SURVIVABILITY OF ASTEROID/COMET IMPACTS
     Duncan Steel, an expert in comets and meteorites, who heads the space technology group at Salford University, said the threat from space was real. He added: "Life has existed on Earth for 3.8 billion years, but the course of evolution has been altered time and again by asteroid impacts. At last a species has evolved which has the ability to save itself and ensure its future. That species is us."
   • DOWN UNDER WARNED IT IS DRYING UP
   • METHANE 'BELCH' THEORY GETS BOOST
     The early Eocene Period witnessed a dramatic increase in temperature, which was triggered by a sudden surge of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. But just where these gases came from has been something of a mystery. Try frozen methane from a comet's debris field falling out of the sky>
     Don't try this: Water drips away from a lump of burning methane ice taken from the ocean floor.
   • ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE FROM ASTEROID AND COMET IMPACTS Michael Paine (mpaine@tpgi.com.au) Updated 23 May 2001.
   • FORMER SPACE CAMP INSTRUCTOR CONFIRMS HIS PREDICTION OF A GIANT TSUNAMI IN THE ATLANTIC ON UPCOMING MAY 25
   • ANCIENT TSUNAMI 'HIT NEW YORK' - 3 May 2009
     A huge wave crashed into the New York City region 2,300 years ago, dumping sediment and shells across Long Island and New Jersey and casting wood debris far up the Hudson River.
     The origin of such a tsunami is also under debate. An undersea landslide is the most likely source, but one research group has proposed that an asteroid impact provided the trigger.
   • "TSUNAMI WARNING" ??? TO EAST COAST RESIDENTS ???
   • TSUNAMI HAZARD TO COASTAL POPULATIONS
   • TSUNAMI GENERATED BY IMPACTS
   • TSUNAMI FROM ASTEROID/COMET IMPACTS - 6 November 1998
   • ALL MEMBERS OF PRIMITIVE TRIBE SURVIVED TSUNAMI
     Pandya said the Onge don't know that an earthquake triggered the tsunami. But knowing that the creek rises and falls with the tide, the Onge suspected that the extreme fall in the creek presaged a great flood. In their thinking, evil spirits cause floods by taking huge boulders out of the stars and throwing them at the sea.
   • PHYSICS EXPLAINS HUGE VARIANCE IN TSUNAMI IMPACTS
     In a nutshell, Weissel and others said, land masses that poke abruptly from the deep ocean experience tsunamis as diffusely rising tides, while those bounded by shallower seas get hit by higher, steeper and often more destructive waves.
     At the core of this truth -- as with most truths in physics -- is an equation: v square root (g times h), where v is the wave's velocity, g is the force of gravity and h is the depth of the water. In plain English, as the water gets shallower, waves slow down.
   • ASTEROID TSUNAMIS COULD BE HUGE, SLOW
   • WORRIED ABOUT ASTEROID-OCEAN IMPACTS? - March. 18, 2003
     Small asteroids do not make great ocean waves that will devastate coastal areas for miles inland, according to both a recently released 1968 U.S. Naval Research report on explosion-generated tsunamis and terrestrial evidence.
     University of Arizona planetary scientist H. Jay Melosh is talking about it today at the 34th annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in League City, Texas. His talk, "Impact-Generated Tsunamis: an Over-Rated Hazard," is part of the session, "Poking Holes: Terrestrial Impacts."
   • GLOBAL WARMING: MOUNTAINS FACE TSUNAMI RISK
   • THAMES WATER IMPOSES HOSEPIPE BAN
     Thames Water, the country's largest water company, said it was imposing a hosepipe ban across London and the southeast because of severe drought.
   • POST-QUAKE WATER DEPTHS DRAMATICALLY-ALTERED or WATER DEPTHS IN MALACCA STRAITS ALTERED
     The reports said water depths in parts of the Straits of Malacca could have dropped from 4000 feet before the quake to as low as 100 feet.
     The energy from that 60^o rotation of the Earth's core in 1970 has to go somewhere.
   • NATURE 'MANKIND'S GRAVEST THREAT' - 9 August, 2004
     Giant tsunamis, super volcanoes and earthquakes could pose a greater threat than terrorism, scientists claim. Giant walls of water that can devastate coastal cities, volcanoes so big that their ash crushes houses 1,500km (932 miles) away, giant earthquakes and asteroid impacts. These are very rare events and, if we are lucky, nothing like them will happen in our lifetimes.
     The greatest danger to humanity comes from asteroids, but work funded largely by the US government is swiftly tackling this threat. The European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA are planning missions to test how the course of asteroids and comets can be altered by an impact.
   • SCIENTIST WARNS OF ATLANTIC TIDAL WAVE
     The bad news is tens of millions of people along the eastern seaboard of the United States and Canada may drown if the slow slippage of a volcano off north Africa becomes a cataclysmic collapse. But the good news is the world is not likely to be destroyed by an asteroid any time soon. I bet a comet strike would dramatically increase the chances of one flank of the Cumbre Vieja volcano slipping into the sea.
   • A WAVE OF DESTRUCTION WILL DESTROY AMERICA'S EAST COAST
     One flank of the Cumbre Vieja volcano on the island of La Palma, in the Canaries, is unstable and could plunge into the ocean during the volcano's next eruption. Dr. Day says: "If the volcano collapsed in one block of almost 20 cubic kilometres of rock, weighing 500 billion tonnes - twice the size of the Isle of Wight - it would fall into water almost 4 miles deep and create an undersea wave 2000 feet tall. Within five minutes of the landslide, a dome of water about a mile high would form and then collapse, before the Mega Tsunami fanned out in every direction, travelling at speeds of up to 500 mph. A 330 ft wave would strike the western Sahara in less than an hour."
   • VOLCANIC ERUPTION COULD UNLEASH GIANT TSUNAMIS ON U.S.
     Researchers have discovered that a chunk of volcano in the Canary Islands the size of the Isle of Man is on the brink of falling into the sea. Scientists believe it could break away when the Cumbre Vieja volcano in La Palma next erupts. If that happened a giant tsunami, or massive wave, reaching heights of more than 500 feet would be sent racing across the Atlantic at the speed of a passenger jet.
   • (1) STING IN THE TAIL: WITHOUT EVEN HITTING EARTH, A COMET COULD BE AS LEATHAL AS AN ASTEROID
   • ANCIENT MYSTERIES AND HUMAN ORIGINS The Fallacy of Linear Evolution
   • WHAT CAUSED THE GREAT FLOOD? Comet Impact in the Ocean
     Seven-tenths of a second after the impact of a 10-km diameter comet into the ocean, its explosive power would be the equivalent to 300 gigatons of TNT (far exceeding the explosive power of all the nuclear weapons in existence during the Cold War). The comet itself would be almost instantaneously vaporized, along with 300 - 500 cubic kilometers of water. As a result of the explosion, high pressure steam would rise into the atmosphere and would return to earth with unimaginable weather conditions. A rain storm would be a poor description of the results. The use of the term "flood gates of the heavens" as given in Genesis becomes a very good description. Global earthquakes with ground waves 10 m high would result. The earth's core would be disrupted, possibly producing magnetic reversals. Plate movement would be accelerated, opening cracks 10-100-km wide in the earth's crust, and causing rapid mountain-building and worldwide volcanism.
   • THE FLOOD FROM HEAVEN
   • MAMMOTH EXTINCTION MYSTERY DRAWS 3 THEORIES
     Did hunters wipe out the American megafauna? Did climate change do it? Or was it a plague?
   • BLAME NORTH AMERICA MEGAFAUNA EXTINCTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, NOT HUMAN ANCESTORS
     In North America, this icy mantle prevented Arctic weather systems from extending into the mid-continent. Seasonal weather swings were less dramatic and didn't reach as far south as they presently do. But with this change, the climate became more similar to today's, marked by cold winters and warm summers.
     "We do know that human colonists caused extinctions in isolated, tightly bound island settings, but islands are fundamentally different from continents," he added. "The overkill hypothesis attempts to compare the incomparable and there is no evidence of human-caused environmental change in North America. But there is evidence of climate change. Overkill is bad science because it is immune to the empirical record."
   • (3) IMPACT HAZARDS FROM COMETS - INFLUENZA? 21 January 2000 http://www.guardian.co.uk/flu/article/0,2763,191813,00.html"> FLU COMES FROM OUTER SPACE, CLAIM SCIENTISTS
     But the flu may have worse in store, according to scientists who claim to have discovered an alarming explanation for the epidemic - a virus from outer space. Dismissing as dogma the conventional medical wisdom that flu is a virus passed by human contact, the distinguished astrophysicist Sir Fred Hoyle, and his colleague at Cardiff university, Chandra Wickramasinghe, warn that we may be on the brink of a global epidemic. See Fig8A. Medieval Painting of the Impending Strike and notice the sick children.
   • SARS 'FROM THE STARS'
     The virus believed to cause Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (Sars) may have come to Earth from outer space, according to scientists writing in a leading British medical journal.
   • MICROBES AT THE EDGE OF SPACE - May 19, 2012
     To Edward Wright, the atmospheric transport of epidemic-inducing pathogens like P. infestans is, if not a proven fact of historical record, at least a very real and worrying possibility. Wright is a project manager for Citizens in Space, a group devoted to the idea of science and space exploration for and by the masses. Driven in part by the epidemiological implications of airborne microbes, Citizens in Space is sponsoring the High Altitude Astrobiology Challenge, a $10,000 competition to detect organisms at the edge of space.
     “Researchers have learned that the Earth’s biosphere extends to much higher altitudes than previously suspected,” says Wright, “up to 100,000 feet or more.” Indeed, thousands of microbial species have been found in the upper atmosphere, traveling up to thousands of kilometers. The best-studied “atmospheric bridge” is between North Africa and the Caribbean.
   • SPACE-SURVIVING LICHEN SUPPORTS PANSPERMIA THEORY - June 25, 2012
     The study, published in the June 2012 issue of Astrobiology, details how the lichen was exposed to (and survived) electromagnetic and cosmic radiation, a space vacuum and extreme temperatures during the European Space Agency's (ESA) Expose-E mission. The paper says the significant findings provide evidence for the panspermia hypothesis that organisms travel from planet to planet on meteors and asteroids.
6. VOLCANIC ACTIVITY INDUCED BY COMET IMPACTS
   • * GEOLOGIST: A YELLOWSTONE ERUPTION "WOULD DESTROY MOST OF AMERICA" - 05/21/2019
     A geologist has said that if the Yellowstone supervolcano erupts, it would destroy most of the United States, all but wiping the country off of the map. Dr. Jerzy Zaba is importantly not predicting that the volcano is going to erupt soon, but simply stating that it does have the power to destroy humanity and life as we know it.
   • NASA WARNS! YELLOWSTONE COULD ERUPT VERY SOON "WEEKS" - 2019! - April 10 2019
   • PLANETARY STATE OF THE EARTH AND LIFE
     There is growing probability that we are moving into a rapid temperature instability period similar to the one that took place 10,000 years ago.
     • 1.1.1 A growth of dark spots on Pluto [7].
     • 1.1.2 Reporting of auroras on Saturn [8].
     • 1.1.3 Reporting of Uranus and Neptune polar shifts (They are magnetically conjugate planets), and the abrupt large-scale growth of Uranus' magnetosphere intensity.
     • 1.1.4 A change in light intensity and light spot dynamics on Neptune [9,10].
     • 1.1.5 The doubling of the magnetic field intensity on Jupiter (based upon 1992 data), and a series of new states and processes observed on this planet as an aftermath of a series of explosions in July 1994 [caused by "Comet" SL-9] [12]. That is, a relaxation of a plasmoid train [13,14] which excited the Jovian magnetosphere, thus inducing excessive plasma generation [12] and it's release in the same manner as Solar coronal holes [15] inducing an appearance of radiation belt brightening in decimeter band (13.2 and 36 cm), and the appearance of large auroral anomalies and a change of the Jupiter - Io system of currents [12, 14].
     • 1.1.6 A series of Martian atmosphere transformations increasing its biosphere quality. In particularly, a cloudy growth in the equator area and an unusual growth of ozone conc
     • 1.1.7 A first stage atmosphere generation on the Moon, where a growing natrium atmosphere is detected that reaches 9,000 km in height. [17].
     • 1.1.8 Significant physical, chemical and optical changes observed on Venus; an inversion of dark and light spots detected for the first time, and a sharp decrease of sulfur-containing gases in its atmosphere [16].
   • EARTH: VOLCANOES SPARKED, AND PROLONGED, THE LITTLE ICE AGE - 9-May-2012
   • YELLOWSTONE SUPER VOLCANO..... REMNANTS OF A CELESTIAL IMPACT
   • STUDY FINDS ARCTIC SEABED AFIRE WITH LAVA-SPEWING VOLCANOES
     The Arctic seabed is as explosive geologically as it is politically judging by the "fountains" of gas and molten lava that have been blasting out of underwater volcanoes near the North Pole.
     "Explosive volatile discharge has clearly been a widespread, and ongoing, process," according to an international team that sent unmanned probes to the strange fiery world beneath the Arctic ice.
     They returned with images and data showing that red-hot magma has been rising from deep inside the earth and blown the tops off dozens of submarine volcanoes, four kilometres below the ice. "Jets or fountains of material were probably blasted one, maybe even two, kilometres up into the water," says geophysicist Robert Sohn of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, who led the expedition.
     There are no volcanoes exploding in the area right now, but they scientists say there appears to still be a lot happening on the sea floor. "I had the impression this whole central volcano area was oozing warm fluid," says Henrietta Edmonds of the University of Texas, who was on the expedition tracking the plumes of warm waters rising from the spreading ridge.
     The shortest distance from the Earth's core to the solid surface is at the artic pole.
   • MANY UNDERWATER VOLCANOES ERUPTING SIMULTANEOUSLY ALL OVER THE WORLD ? tectonic disturbance steadily rising ?are we headed for a major catastrophe?
     Many researchers are now concerned about these developments. They are saying the probability of a mega or multiple mega volcanoes is very high now. According to some there is 74,000 year-cycle of mega volcanoes and that is due in 2012. All that energy from the 1970 sixty degree shift of the Earth's core has to go somewhere.
   • SOME COMMENTS ON THE IMPACT ORIGIN OF THE MIOCENE PACIFIC NORTHWEST VOLCANICS HYPOTHESIS
   • DOUBLE WHAMMY LINK TO EXTINCTIONS
     The chances that asteroid impacts and huge bouts of volcanism coincide randomly to cause mass extinctions may be greater than previously imagined.
   • CORRELATION FOUND BETWEEN IMPACTS AND INCREASED VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
     Time series derived from this data showed that 10 major peaks in terrestrial impact activity were seen on Earth over this time period. Nine out of 10 of these impact peaks are directly matched by peaks in normal to strong mantle plume volcanism.
     Abbott and Isley"s research paper, "Extraterrestrial Influences on Mantle Plume Activity," is appearing in Earth and Planetary Science Letters this month (Jan 28, 2003).
   • (2) HOW IMPACTS CAN TRIGGER VOLCANOS or HOW ASTEROIDS TRIGGER VOLCANOS
   • EARTH'S VOLCANISM LINKED TO METEORITE IMPACTS
     Dallas Abbott from Columbia University and her colleague Ann Isley from the State University of New York studied the timing of these 38 impacts and found that they correlate strongly with eruptions of "mantle-plume" volcanoes during the same period.
     Most volcanoes come from small amounts of the Earth's upper mantle boiling over, but mantle-plume volcanoes happen when hot rock from deep within the Earth's mantle shoots straight up through the Earth's crust. The timing suggests that these volcanoes are related to asteroid impacts, Abbott and Isley report in Earth and Planetary Science Letters (vol 205, p 53).
   • WHAT'S THE TRUTH ABOUT THE YELLOWSTONE SUPERVOLCANO DOOMSDAY THEORY? - Dec. 2, 2017
   • YELLOWSTONE'S BOILING UPDATE WARNING! - May 12, 2016
   • BIG-BIG! THIS BOILING RIVER IN YELLOWSTONE IS NOT A GOOD SIGN! (Important Videos) SHTF Major Alert! - May 10, 2016
   • YELLOWSTONE SUPERVOLCANO: The Scenario Played Out. - Jun 8, 2014
     The newly released video below is part 2 of BBC’s Yellowstone Supervolcano 'docu drama' that plays out a Yellowstone eruption scenario in its’ entirety. BBC makes clear at the very beginning of this video, this IS a true story….it just hasn’t happened yet.
   • YELLOWSTONE SUPERVOLCANO: The Scenario Played Out. - Jun 8, 2014
   • YELLOWSTONE ALERT LEVEL RAISED TO ORANGE??? - Jun 6, 2014
     Not officially! But it should be raised to Yellow! How else you define increased activity?
     Comments
     I've been monitoring this for a long time now, all the indicators point towards extreme Geological upheaval very soon, in the coming month's. What about this... the French Foreign Minister has a meeting with John Kerry and comes out with a very profound statement... "we have 500 days cleft before climate chaos," really, do they know something we don't? ?
   • QUESTIONS PERSIST ABOUT YELLOWSTONE ERUPTION: IS US EVACUATION PLAN IN PLACE? - June 2, 2014
     • Is US Geological Service (USGS) keeping an eye on Yellowstone caldera and hiding data from the public?
     • >What does the "Yellowstone eruption warning" from Unavco mean and just who is Unavco?
     • Does the US have a contingency plan in place for a worst case scenario?
     • Does the worst-cast scenario involve an evacuation plan?
     • If Yellowstone erupts, will millions of US citizens be evacuated to Brazil, Australia, or Argentina?
   • SUPERVOLCANOES CAN ERUPT 'SPONTANEOUSLY,' RESEARCHERS SAY? - 01/07/2014
     Scientists looking for a greater understanding of what causes supervolcanoes to erupt have come to an unsettling conclusion: They can erupt spontaneously and without any external trigger.
     Fortunately, compared to their common counterparts, supervolcanic eruptions are incredibly rare. Per the U.S. Geological Survey, the last recorded explosion occurred 74,000 years ago in Indonesia. The agency calculates the yearly probability of a Yellowstone eruption at 1 in 730,000, or 0.00014 percent. (There are only 20 known supervolcanoes on Earth, reports the BBC.)
   • IS IT ABOUT TO BLOW? YELLOWSTONE GROUND RAISED 10" AND ITS BELLY IS RUMBLING? - February 5, 2014
   • YELLOWSTONE VOLCANO TARGETED FOR TERROR? IRREFUTABLE PROOF OF MAN-MADE EFFORT TO TRIGGER ERUPTION? AN EXTINCTION-LEVEL FALSE FLAG EVENT? - February 5, 2014
   • YELLOWSTONE SUPERVOLCANO COULD EXPLODE WITHOUT WARNING AND DESTROY HALF OF US PICTUURE - January 6, 2014
   • KEEPING AN EYE ON YELLOWSTONE'S SUPERVOLCANO - 6/8/2011
     When next 'big one' will be is anyone's guess — but you don't want to be here
     
     Depiction Of The Magma Chamber Under The Yellowstone Super-Volcano.
   • YELLOWSTONE VOLCANO MAY SOON ERUPT - 26th of February 2011
     The magma is now about 10 kilometers deep, so there is no need to worry about it now. But if it comes up to the level of two or three kilometers from the surface, then we have reason for concern, says Robert Smith, professor geophysics at the University of Utah. The volcano is believed to have had two major eruptions 2 million years ago, 1.3 million years ago and 642,000 years
   • YELLOWSTONE SUPERVOLCANO - VIDEOS
   • YELLOWSTONE HOT SPOT SHREDS ANCIENT PACIFIC OCEAN - Sep. 2 2010
     
   • THE IMPENDING YELLOWSTONE ERUPTION AND THE BOOK OF REVELATION -
   • YELLOWSTONE'S PLUMBING REVEALS PLUME OF HOT AND MOLTEN ROCK 410 MILES DEEP - Dec. 14, 2009
     A Common Source for Yellowstone and the Columbia River Basalts?
     Based on how the Yellowstone plume slants now, Smith and colleagues projected on a map where the plume might have originated at depth when the hotspot was erupting at the Oregon-Idaho-Nevada border area from 17 million to almost 12 million years ago.
     They saw overlap, between the zones within the Earth where eruptions originated near the Oregon-Idaho-Nevada border and where the famed Columbia River Basalt eruptions originated when they were most vigorous 17 million to 14 million years ago.
     Their conclusion: the Yellowstone hotspot plume might have fed those gigantic lava eruptions, which covered much of eastern Oregon and eastern Washington state.
     I argue it is the common source," Smith says. "It's neat stuff and it fits together."
     This Oregon-Idaho-Nevada border area is where the giant comet hit 17 million of years ago.
   • COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY RESEARCH FINDS CORRELATION BETWEEN METEORITE AND COMET IMPACTS AND AN INCREASE IN VOLCANIC ACTIVITY DEVELOPMENT
     10 Major Episodes of Extraterrestrial Impacts Found to Correlate with 9 Major Episodes of Volcanism
   • (7) WAS THE K-T EVENT A ONE-OFF?
     Major impacts leave, beside neat circular craters, several other kinds of signatures:
     1. Hotspots, in the case of Tr-J this is presumably at the Azores.
     2. Rifts, as the Tr-J impact actually split the continents when the N. Atlantic first opened up. Prior to this, the continents of N America, S. America, Africa, and Europe where all connected.
     3. Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs): This massive killer impact that wiped out 80% of all life on Earth produced a supervolcano erupting the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) on all four of those continents. This is merely one of many LIPs, all presumably related to ET impacts.
     4. Hotspot Tracks: Eventually, geologists will agree on the thesis that hotspot tracks (of which there are lots) are indeed impact signatures, abandoning theories about "mantle plumes" with their origin in heating at the D layer at the CMB, as a part of large scale mantle convection.
     In the case of the Yellowstone hotspot, these supervolcano eruptions occurred at intervals greater than several 100 thousand years ago. The hotspot probably began 17.5 Million years ago with a crater remnant yet to be found. From the known plate motion, it should be in N. Central Nevada.
   • A HOTSPOT ALTERNATIVE
     However, there is a theory that explains hotspots not as plumes from the deep, but mostly stirrings in the upper mantle - its top 400 kilometers - caused from above by the movements of the crustal plates and surface-based cooling. At the Yellowstone hotspot, it was found that the transition zone is cool, not hot. Many hotspots are traced back to starting points at the edges of continents, during continental break-ups, that have since moved away. Comet impact could have caused the breakup of the continents.
   • SCIENCE PUBLICATION SAYS MOUNT ST. HELENS MAY SIT ON "SUPERVOLCANO" - June 11, 2009
     If you thought the eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 was a big one, it's possible you ain't seen nothing yet.
     According to an article in NewScientist, there may be a "super volcano" brewing under the mountain, which has been steaming and stewing since its notorious eruption on May 18, 1980.
     If the structure beneath the three volcanoes is indeed a vast bubble of partially molten rock, it would be comparable in size to the biggest magma chambers ever discovered, such as the one below Yellowstone National Park.
     Every few hundred thousand years, such chambers can erupt as so-called supervolcanoes - the Yellowstone one did so about 640,000 years ago. These enormous eruptions can spew enough sunlight-blocking ash into the atmosphere to cool the climate by several degrees Celsius.
   • CATASTROPHE: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ORIGINS OF THE MODERN WORLD
     Examinations of a concept that could alter the world-wide weather are laid out and they suggest that a meteor or comet impact wouldn't be sufficient. Impact events has rapid consequences, while a long-lasting injection of weather- disrupting material requires a cause that isn't spent all at once. A volcanic eruption, like he one in Sumatra is inferred. The Sumatran history supporting the claim seems relatively weak but the geology is sound. Effects of this sort may correspond to a big eruption like the eruption of the Yellowstone volcano in the near future.
   • ASTEROID/COMET IMPACT CRATERS AND MASS EXTINCTIONS
     There also appears to be a link between large impacts and volcanic eruptions.
   • CAN IMPACTS INDUCE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS?
   • DID DOUBLE WHAMMY OF VOLCANO AND ASTEROID WIPE OUT DINOSAURS?
     Many scientists believed that an asteroid caused the mass extinction 65 million years ago. However, a new study points to a more complex event that began with a series of eruptions which took place in what is now north-western India.
   • VOLCANOES KILLED THE DINOSAURS, SCIENTIST ARGUES
   • ABOUT TO BLOW? SUPERVOLCANO COULD WIPE OUT MOST OF AMERICA... AND SCIENTISTS FEAR IT MAY BE DUE TO ERUPT - Jun 03 2012
   • WHAT IF YELLOWSTONE'S SUPERVOLCANO ERUPTS? - Jun 04 2012
     An eruption from Yellowstone could create an ash cloud that would affect the entire world's atmosphere for a decade or more.
     Yellowstone's last full-scale outburst occurred 640,000 years ago, and the ones before that occurred 1.3 million and 2.1 million years ago — but each of these events was a tad smaller than the one before it. This geologic hotspot could be growing cold. Or it might have one last hurrah.
   • YELLOWSTONE'S UNDERGROUND 'PLUMBING' COMES INTO VIEW
   • YELLOWSTONE IS RISING ON SWOLLEN SUPERVOLCANO
     Yellowstone National Park is rising. Its central region, called the Yellowstone caldera, has been moving upward since mid-2004 at a rate of up to three inches (seven centimeters) a year—more than three times faster than has ever been measured. The surface is inflating like a bellows due to an infusion of magma about 6 miles (10 kilometers) underground, according to a new study published in tomorrow's issue of the journal Science.
     Yellowstone is situated on a giant, geologically active feature known as a supervolcano. "It's hundreds of times bigger than Mount St. Helens," Smith said, referring to the active volcano in Washington State. Much of the park sits in a caldera, or crater, some 40 miles (70 kilometers) across, which formed when the cone of the massive volcano collapsed in a titanic eruption 640,000 years ago. The supervolcano has produced three similarly large blasts in the past two million years, with 30 smaller eruptions since the caldera formed. The volcano's most recent flare-up was 70,000 years ago, and volcanic heat continues to fuel the park's famous geysers and hot springs.
     The land is rising because magma and hydrothermal fluids are migrating into the volcano's underground chambers, Smith explained. "It's really kind of a sponge, where you have interlaced open spaces with magma and solid rock between. Only 10 percent [of the chambers are] actually made up of molten rock."
     "Since ?about 14,000 years ago, the Yellowstone caldera has inflated and deflated about six to eight times without a volcanic eruption," he said. Smith agreed. "Calderas go up and down," he said. "We use the term 'restless' to describe these systems." But, he added, "occasionally they burp."
   • RECENT EARTHQUAKES IN THE INTERMOUNTAIN WEST
     Yellowstone National Park Special Map
   • YELLOWSTONE SUPERVOLCANO MAKING STRANGE RUMBLINGS
     Supervolcanoes can sleep for centuries or millennia before producing incredibly massive eruptions that can drop ash across an entire continent.
   • YELLOWSTONE DOMES RISING AT 'REALLY PRONOUNCED' PACE
   • 3-D IMAGES REVEAL YELLOWSTONE PLUME
     Oddly enough, the image shows the plume does not rise from the Earth's core- mantle boundary at 1,700 miles (2,700 km) down.
     Instead, the column of magma appears out of nowhere some 310 to 400 miles (500- 650 km) down, under the Montana-Idaho border northwest of Yellowstone National Park. From there it tilts to the southeast as it rises through the mantle until it's directly under Yellowstone.
     It's tilted, which is interesting," said Humphreys. But how it got that hot, he said, "is still a mystery."
   • SATELLITE TECHNOLOGIES DETECT UPLIFT IN THE YELLOWSTONE CALDERA
   • YELLOWSTONE VOLCANO GROWS AS GEYSERS REAWAKEN
   • GEYSER, INACTIVE SINCE '98, ERUPTS
     Variety of changes observed throughout Norris Geyser Basin
   • SUPERVOLCANO - YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
   • YELLOWSTONE LAKE SHORELINE SHIFTING IN 'MYSTERIOUS WAYS'
   • BBC LAUNCH BUMPER WINTER SCHEDULE - Volcano kills a billion in ?m docu- drama
   • YELLOWSTONE PARK UNLIKELY TO BLOW UP ANYTIME SOON: NO SIGNS OF CATACLYSMIC ERUPTION
   • YELLOWSTONE RATED HIGH FOR ERUPTION THREAT
     YELLOWSTONE RATED HIGH FOR ERUPTION THREAT
     Yellowstone ranks 21st most dangerous of the 169 volcano centers in the United States, according to the Geological Survey's first-ever comprehensive review of the nation's volcanoes.
     The USGS report recognizes Yellowstone as an unusual hazard because of the millions of people who visit the park and walk amid features created by North America's largest volcanic system,
     Apparently, they are unaware of the eruption that blew dust out to the Pacific ocean.
   • CATASTROPHE
     "Yellowstone is known to have erupted cataclysmically on three occasions in the past: 2 million years ago, when it spewed out nearly 600 cubic miles of magma; 1.3 million years ago, when it ejected 'just' 70 cubic miles of the stuff; and 630,000 years ago, when it generated about 250 cubic miles of magma. There has been much recent publicity about the possibility of a meteor or comet strike - like the one credited with wiping out the dinosaurs - and various contingency plans have been offered in national and even international forums. Surely we should not fail, while scanning the skies, to consider what is right here underfoot."
   • YELLOWSTONE'S EXPLOSIVE SECRET
   • YELLOWSTONE'S DEEP SECRET
     Beloved for its pristine scenery and wildlife, America's flagship national park has been a setting for catastrophic eruptions. One changed the face of the continent.
   • YELLOWSTONE A HOTSPOT OF CONTENTION
     Three times in the past 2.1 million years, the park has blown its top, covering much of the country in deep layers of volcanic ash and wreaking havoc with global weather systems. The last big eruption was 640,000 years ago, and there have been 30 smaller ones since then. The most recent was 70,000 years ago.
   • SCIENTISTS CLOSELY MONITORING YELLOWSTONE and From the December 2003 Idaho Observer
     Recent eruptions, 200 degree ground temperatures, bulging magma and 84 degree water temperatures prompt heightened srutiny of park's geothermal activity... Then during the last part of July one of the Park geologists discovered a huge bulge at the bottom of Yellowstone Lake. The bulge has already risen over 100 feet from the bottom of the lake and the water temperature at the surface of the bulge has reached 88 degrees and is still rising.
   • IS PRESSURE COOKER OF YELLOWSTONE SET TO BURST?
     But the geologists who explore the caldera - the collapsed supervolcano that is Yellowstone - share neither such alarmist doom nor faith in methods for taming the forces boiling underground.
     "The hazard . . . is almost too small to calculate." It still needs a little time.
   • (4) MORE BLASTS FROM THE YELLOWSTONE PAST
     Hotspot Generated 142 Huge Eruptions, 40 Percent More Than Previously Known
     The Yellowstone hotspot, which powers Yellowstone National Park's geysers and hot springs, produced 142 huge volcanic eruptions during the last 16.5 million years - far more than the 100 previously known blasts, University of Utah geologists found.
     The cataclysmic explosions -- known as "caldera eruptions" -- typically generated 250 to 600 times as much volcanic ash as the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington state, and some were up to 2,500 times larger, covering as much as half the continental United States with inches to feet of volcanic ash.
     The Yellowstone hotspot - which many scientists believe is a plume-like zone of hot and molten rising from at least 125 miles beneath Earth's surface - produced its three most recent caldera eruptions at or near the present site of Yellowstone National Park 2 million, 1.3 million and 642,000 years ago.
   • YELLOWSTONE SUPER VOLCANO UPDATE By Dr. Bruce Cornet, Geologist, Paleobotanist, and Palynologist
     That 600 km radius around the caldera will experience total devastation. The next 600 km out may receive as much as 5-10 feet of ash, depending on wind direction. The thickness of ash will decrease away from the super-volcano, but will reach the crop belt in the Midwest (Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, etc.), destroying most of the fertile croplands of the United States. California will be hit hard by falling ash, with its central wine valley severely damaged. Agriculture will have to shift east of the Mississippi for years.
   • SUPERVOLCANOES BBC2 9:30pm Thursday 3rd February 2000
     (US Geological Survey): Millions of people come to Yellowstone every year to see the marvellous scenery and the wildlife and all and yet it's clear that, that very few of them really understand that they're here on a sleeping giant.
     If this giant were to stir, the United States would be devastated and the world would be plunged into a catastrophe which could push humanity to the brink of extinction.
     You're getting a, an eruption which we can barely imagine. We've never seen this sort of thing. You wouldn't be able to get within 1,000 kilometers of it when it was going like this.
     See YELLOWSTONE AND ETNA VOLCANOES - 2010 ERUPTIONS
   • BULGE IN YELLOWSTONE LAKE WORRIES SCIENTISTS
     Scientists are concerned about a 100-foot-high bulge in the bottom of Yellowstone Lake, saying it could have been formed by carbon dioxide or steam and that it could explode.
   • ALERT: IS YELLOWSTONE ABOUT TO BLOW? - Aug 26 15:52:11 2003
     Recent earthquake activity near Yellowstone National Park may be a warning about a "supervolcano". A 4.4 magnitude earthquake occurred just 9 miles southeast of the south entrance to Yellowstone National Park.
   • SUPERVOLCANOES COULD TRIGGER GLOBAL FREEZE
     When a supervolcano goes off, it is an order of magnitude greater than a normal eruption. It produces energy equivalent to an impact with a comet or an asteroid.
   • YELLOWSTONE SUPERVOLCANO GETTING READY TO BLOW ITS CORK
     There is a 30% chance that Yellowstone will blow its cork in the next 6 months and cause the 3 days of darkness spoke of in the Bible
     After a 4.4 quake on 8-21-03, 9 aftershocks have occurred along with a resonance in the rock,which can cause softening of the rock. If a fissure occurs in the rock, everyone within 600 miles should be prepared for the sudden blast. If the Supervolcano blows, it will cause an immediate nuclear winter of dirt and ash in the air over the entire world for 2 years. There will be no crops grown in the midwest U.S. for that same period of time.
   • IT IS TIME TO CAST A WORRIED EYE TOWARDS YELLOWSTONE
     Simply put, anyone living within 600 miles of Yellowstone could be sitting in a modern day Pompeii. In addition, for those living outside this area and West of the Mississippi river, there could be grievous consequences as well because systemic processes are now building beneath Yellowstone, that paint a very clear picture of a major eruption event in its early stages
   • SUPERVOLCANOES
   • HOW LARGE IS THE MAGMA CHAMBER THAT IS CURRENTLY UNDER YELLOWSTONE?
     The magma chamber is believed to be about 40 by 80 kilometers across, similar in size to the overlying Yellowstone caldera. The top of the chamber is about 8 km deep and the bottom is around 16 km deep.
   • TRACKING THE GIANT
     The seismic network has recently revealed a 3,600-cubic-mile banana-shaped body located a half-mile to several miles underneath part of Yellowstone. This chamber slows down seismic waves, which means it could contain 10 to 20 percent melted rock, Smith says.
     And a broader seismic array has just recently revealed an even deeper feature: a tilted pipe rising up through the Earth from the northwest, from 400 miles down.
     "It's this pipe that's bending over in the wind," says Ihinger. "That is at the heart of the matter." The "pipe" appears to be the track of a slow, viscous upwelling of hot rock from below the crust. The upwelling could cause rocks in the crust to melt, creating the magma chamber below Yellowstone.
   • UUSS SEISMICITY MAPS - YELLOWSTONE SEISMIC MAPS
   • IS IT TRUE THAT THE NEXT ERUPTION OF YELLOWSTONE IS OVERDUE?
     No. The fact that two eruptive intervals (2.1 million to 1.3 million and 1.3 million to 640,000 years ago) are of similar length does not mean that the next eruption will necessarily occur after another similar interval. 800,000 years 660,000 years are the intervals shortening as the comets continue to shatter rounding the Sun and increase the chances of an impact?
   • VOLCANOS A BIGGER THREAT THAN COMETS
     A volcanic super-eruption could pose twice as much of a threat to civilization as a collision with an asteroid or comet.
   • YELLOWSTONE NEWSPAPER
   • A MONSTER AWAKENS?
     
   • SCIENTISTS, IN THEIR OWN WORDS...
     Crustal Deformation of the Yellowstone Caldera...1923-2000
     C. Meertens, and Others reveal that there was an unexpected sinking of the caldera between 1985 and 1995, after unprecedented caldera uplift between 1923 and 1985. Since 1995, measurements show that Yellowstone's volcanically and seismically active area may once again be causing caldera uplift. That is, hot- spot mantle material beneath Yellowstone may be beginning to rise again. Hutton's commentary on CATASTROPHE! The Day The Sun Went Out
     A Syrian bishop, John of Ephesis, described the extraordinary events of 535-536 A. D., as follows:
     "There was a sign from the Sun, the likes of which had never been seen or reported before. The Sun became dark, and its darkness lasted for about 18 months. Each day, it shown for about four hours and still this light was only a feeble shadow. Everyone declared that the Sun would never recover its full light again."
     (Perhaps this is why Cayce readings 3620-1 and 257-254 say that "anyone who can should buy a farm, and buy it if you don't want to grow hungry in some days to come," for "the hardships for [America] have not yet begun, so far as the supply and demand for foods are concerned").
   • COST OF LOSING YELLOWSTONE
     "When Yellowstone goes off again, and it will, it will be a disaster for the United States and eventually, for the whole world. We volcanologists believe it would all begin with the magma chamber becoming unstable. Observations would begin by seeing bigger earthquakes, greater uplifting as magma intrudes and gets nearer and nearer the surface. An earthquake may send a rupture through a brittle layer similar to breaking the lid off a pressure cooker. This would generate sheets of magma, which will perhaps rise up to 30, 40 or 50 kilometers sending gigantic amounts of debris into the atmosphere. Pyroclastic flows would cover the whole region, killing tens of thousands of people in the surrounding area.
     The ash carried in the atmosphere and deposited over vast areas of the United States would have devastating effects. A plume of material that goes up into the atmosphere, globally, from the eruption would produce the climatic effects. This would spread worldwide and have a cooling effect that would most likely destroy the growing season on a global scale.
     The eruption will throw out cubic kilometers of rock, ash, dust, sulfur dioxide and so on into the upper atmosphere, where it will reflect incoming solar radiation, forcing down temperatures on the earth's surface. It would be the equivalent of a nuclear winter. The effects would last for four or five years with crops failing and the whole ecosystem breaking down."
   • THE YELLOWSTONE PETRIFIED "FORESTS"
     We propose that the Yellowstone Petrified Forests provide an example of catastrophic deposition.
     If these 65 ash layers (organic levels) were laid down over a long time span, the ash that was laid down thousands of years later near the end of the series of ash eruptions would have changed sufficiently to produce a new and different trace element profile. This has not been the case. Quick burial of the whole sequence seems to be required. Two of the sources for the ash appear to be Electric Peak in the northwest comer of Yellowstone Park and Lone Mountain 48 km farther northwest
   • WHEN WAS THE ERUPTION THAT TRANSFORMED YELLOWSTONE FROM A VOLCANO TO A STEAMING, BOILING, CALDERA?
     Yellowstone is the result of three very large eruptions. The first was about 2.1 million years ago and erupted 600 cubic miles (2,500 cubic km) of ash. It created the Island Park caldera about 45 miles (75 km) long. The second eruption was about 1.3 million years ago. It produced the Henrys Fork caldera in the west end of the older (2.1 million year) caldera. About 600,000 years ago an eruption produced about 250 cubic miles (1,000 cubic km) of ash and the present-day Yellowstone caldera. Since then there have been large volume (250 cubic miles; 1,000 cubic km) rhyolitic lava flows between 150,000 and 70,000 years ago. Yellowstone is still an active volcano. It sits above a hot spot and will erupt again.
   • PRIORITIES OF THE VOLCANO HAZARD PROGRAM 1999-2003
   • MOUNT RAINIER 3RD MOST DANGEROUS VOLCANO
     The agency ranks Mount Rainier as the third most dangerous volcano in the nation, after Kilauea on Hawaii's Big Island and Mount St. Helens. Both are currently active.
     Other studies call Rainier the most dangerous volcano in the world _ not just for its explosive potential, but because of the 3 million people who live in the Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue metropolitan area. At least 100,000 people live on top of Rainier mudflows that have solidified.
   • KRAKATOA ERUPTION COOLED THE WORLD
     WHEN the Indonesian volcano Krakatoa erupted in 1883, sending 25 cubic kilometres of rock and ash into the air, it did more than generate the loudest sound ever recorded. It also cooled the world's oceans and suppressed rises in sea level for decades afterwards.
   • DECADE VOLCANOES
   • RECENT EARTHQUAKES IN THE INTERMOUNTAIN WEST
   • READY TO RUMBLE
     There's a time bomb ticking under the Rockies. A 2,400-cubic-mile chamber of magma simmers beneath Yellowstone's geysers, and University of Wisconsin geochemist Ilya Bindeman says this geologic hot spot is due to blow.
   • HOW A SUPERVOLCANO COVERS A CONTINENT
     Unfortunately the findings don't offer a solution for surviving a future eruption, such as if the supervolcano underneath Yellowstone National Park in the US were to blow. "I'm not sure what we could do, except stay underground," says Sparks.
   • VOLCANOES AT BOTH POLES ERUPTING NOW
     The world is thinner at the poles and heat from the core rotation gets there faster.
   • IF ASTEROID DOESN'T GET US, THE VOLCANO WILL...
   • APOCALYPSE NOW (AGAIN)
     Around 74,000 years ago, a super-eruption tore a 60-mile wide hole out of the Earth in northern Sumatra, and blasted 10 trillion tons of ash into the air. Day turned to night, temperatures plunged and the human race was driven to the edge of extinction.
     Tonight's drama focuses on events following the discovery of tell-tale signs of a super-eruption beginning under America's Yellowstone Park - the site of three such cataclysms in the past two million years. And according to the scientists, we may be overdue for another one.
   • SUPER VOLCANO WILL CHALLENGE CIVILIZATION, GEOLOGISTS WARN
   • BAD NEWS - WE ARE WAY PAST OUR 'EXTINCT BY' DATE
   • SUPERVOLCANISM
     The last supervolcano to erupt was Toba 74,000 years ago in Sumatra. Ten thousands times bigger than Mt St Helens, it created a global catastrophe dramatically affecting life on Earth. Scientists know that another one is due - they just don't know when? or where. It is little known that lying underneath one of America's areas of outstanding natural beauty - Yellowstone Park - is one of the largest supervolcanoes in the world. See Yellowstone and Etna volcanoes - 2010 eruptions
   • TOBA, SUMATRA, INDONESIA
     Comparison of volumes produced by some of the greatest volcanic eruptions. The Young Toba Tuff has an estimated volume of 2,800 cubic kilometers (km) and was erupted about 74,000 years ago. The Huckleberry Ridge Tuff, erupted at Yellowstone 2.2 million years ago, has a volume of 2,500 cubic km. The Lava Creek Tuff, erupted at Yellowstone 600,000 years ago, has a volume of 1,000 cubic km. The May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens produced 1 cubic km of ash. Not shown is the Fish Canyon Tuff of the San Juan Mountains of Colorado. The Fish Canyon Tuff was erupted 27.8 million years ago and has an estimated volume of 3,000 cubic km.
   • ANCIENT DROUGHT 'CHANGED HISTORY'
     Scientists have identified a major climate crisis that struck Africa about 70,000 years ago and which may have changed the course of human history.
     The evidence comes from sediments drilled up from the beds of Lake Malawi and Tanganyika in East Africa, and from Lake Bosumtwi in Ghana.
     Worse still was Lake Bosumtwi. Currently a 10km-wide lake that fills an old space impact crater, it lost all of its water.
     Sunlight blocked, Earth cools and drys up
   • ERUPTION THAT COULD WIPE OUT MILLIONS
     An exploding supervolcano would be a calamity to dwarf an asteroid strike or the Asian tsunami
     Vast volcanic blasts that cause global devastation occur on average every 50,000 years ?and, as the last one struck 74,000 years ago, at Toba, Indonesia, another may be overdue.
     Super volcano eruptions and impacts from space may occur simultaneously.
   • SHAKY FAULTLINE RAISES THE THREAT OF A SUPER-VOLCANO
   • EARLY SIGNS OF MEGA VOLCANO IN SUMATRA VERY CLOSE TO WHERE THE TSUNAMI HAPPENED - it can be devastating to the human civilization - Apr. 18, 2005
   • 25,000 EVACUATED FROM INDONESIAN VOLCANO ZONE
   • THOUSANDS FLEE VOLCANO'S WRATH
     Mount Talang - A volcano spewed into life on Tuesday on Indonesia's disaster- blighted Sumatra Island, spreading new panic after the recent tsunami and earthquakes and driving thousands of people from their homes.
     Mount Talang, 40km east of Sumatra's coastal Padang city, began pumping out volcanic ash shortly before dawn, prompting scientists to urge people to move away from the fall-out zone.
     In geological terms, this is Toba's next door neighbor.
   • SUPER-VOLCANO THREAT OVER FAULTLINE
     AS IF earthquake-ravaged Indonesia doesn't have enough to worry about, now scientists warn that a Sumatran super-volcano might blow its top at any time. If it does, the blast will toss hundreds of thousands of cubic kilometres of rock and ash into the atmosphere, dwarfing the eruptions of Krakatoa, Mount St Helens, Pinatubo and any conventional volcanic explosion of the past tens of thousands of years. "These super-volcanoes are potentially the greatest hazard on Earth, the only greater threat being an asteroid impact from space," said Ray Cas, a vulcanologist with Monash University in Melbourne.
     The likelihood that the Toba - the largest super-volcano on Earth - will erupt has increased significantly due to geological stresses generated by the recent quakes. Worse, Toba sits directly atop the faultline running down the spine of Sumatra. That is where seismologists say a third quake might strike. Vulcanologist Stephen Self of Britain's Open University said a super- volcanic eruption might cover an entire continent with ash that could take decades to erode. "(Such an eruption) could result in the devastation of world agriculture, severe disruption of food supplies and mass starvation," he told the online journal Live Science.
     Professor Cas said super-volcanoes tended to erupt in 2000-year cycles. The Toba super-volcano last erupted 73,000 years ago. Could it be a 2500 year cycle?
   • NATURE 'MANKIND'S GRAVEST THREAT'
     Giant tsunamis, super volcanoes and earthquakes could pose a greater threat than terrorism, scientists claim. . . Global Geophysical Events, or "Gee Gee's", as they are nick-named, are not being taken seriously enough, they say.
   • THE POPULATION BOTTLENECK, SUPERVOLCANOES AND THE COMING END OF THE WORLD
     Now this is all theory, as no living human has ever witnessed a supervolcanic eruption, but it is belived that the last supervolcano to erupt was at Toba in Sumatra, the biggest volcanic eruption the world had ever seen, 10,000 times the size of the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption, blowing a big 100 kilometres by 60 kilometres hole in the earth that is now known as Lake Toba.
   • SHAKY FAULTLINE RAISES THE THREAT OF A SUPER-VOLCANO
     The likelihood that the Toba ?the largest super-volcano on Earth ?will erupt has increased significantly due to geological stresses generated by the recent quakes. Worse, Toba sits directly atop the faultline running down the spine of Sumatra. That is where seismologists say a third quake might strike.
   • "SUPER VOLCANO" COULD DWARF INDONESIA'S EARTHQUAKE CATASTROPHES: EXPERT
     "It could be in a few, 50 or another 1000 years but sooner or later one is going to go off." Other super volcanos are found in Italy, South America, the United States and New Zealand - where Mount Taupo could be ready for eruption.
   • CATASTROPHE: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ORIGINS OF THE MODERN WORLD (David Keys, 1999)
     Keys examines phenomena that could mess with the weather world-wide. He lays out reasons to believe that a meteor or comet impact wouldn't do the job, and this is more convincing than I was expecting it to be. I, um, I didn't take into account that of course an impact event has its biggest consequences very very rapidly, while the sort of long-lasting injection of weather-messing crud he describes requires a cause that isn't spent all at once. He proposes a volcanic eruption, and has a candidate in mind: a particular volcano in Sumatra. The Sumatran history he uses to support the claim seems relatively weak to me, though that might be presentation, but the geology is sound. He concludes by summarizing the effects of this sort of big eruption and applying them to a prospective eruption of the Yellowstone volcano in the near future.
   • GENETIC EVIDENCE SUGGESTS HUMANS NEARLY WENT EXTINCT
     This is interesting news. If the conclusions the researchers have reached is correct, might this near extinction be linked to the catastrophic eruption and aftermath of the super-volcano Toba in Sumatra (around 72,000 BCE)?
   • WHEN HUMANS FACED EXTINCTION
     Humans may have come close to extinction about 70,000 years ago, according to the latest genetic research.
   • ANCIENT 'VOLCANIC WINTER' TIED TO RAPID GENETIC DIVERGENCE IN HUMANS - September 1998
     CHAMPAIGN, Ill. -- A new hypothesis about recent human evolution suggests that a horrific "volcanic winter" 71,000 years ago, followed by the coldest 1,000 years of the last Ice Age, brought widespread famine and death to modern human populations around the world. The abrupt "bottleneck," or decrease, in our ancestors' populations, in turn, brought about the rapid "differentiation" - or genetic divergence - of the surviving populations.
     The hypothesis, offered by anthropologist Stanley Ambrose of the University of Illinois, proposes that a volcanic winter reduced populations to "levels low enough for evolutionary changes, which occur much faster in small populations, to produce rapid population differentiation"
     Ambrose has linked geneticists' research to that of volcanologists Michael Rampino, Stephen Self, Greg Zielinski and colleagues, which shows the super-eruption of Toba caused a volcanic winter that lasted six years and significantly altered global climate for the next 1,000 years. Those six years of "relentless volcanic winter" led to substantial lowering of global temperatures, drought and famine, and to a global human population crash during which, if geneticists are correct, no more than 15,000 to 40,000 people survived. Whether volcano or comet strike induced, this weather changecould have been what killed off the bulk of the Neanderthals and offered an opportunity for modern man to establish a foot hold on Earth a few tens thousand of years later.
   • COSMIC COLLISION MAY HAVE CREATED HAWAII
   • MOUNT RAINIER CALLED A THREAT
     The USGS calculates that Mount Rainier burps this way every 500 to 1,000 years.
   • HEEBIE GEE-GEES
     Global geophysical events, such as huge tidal waves or volcanic super- eruptions, could devastate the planet - so why doesn't anybody care?
     A huge chunk of the Cumbre Vieja volcano, on the Canary Island of La Palma, is on the move. In 1949, this mass of rock - perhaps as large as the Isle of Man - dropped 4 metres seawards and stopped.
   • DECCAN TRAPS
     The Deccan Traps formed between 60 and 65 million years ago, and the gases released in the process may have played a role in the extinction of the dinosaurs.